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III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- LIFE AND WORKS INFLUENCE OF SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE AND PLACE IN BRITISH ROMANTICISM Aysel VALIYEVA
- III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS
- POSITION OF VOCTORIAN PERIOD WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY
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Qafqaz University 17-18 April 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan During the time that leads up to the murder, Othello is framed as a cultural outsider by his description of the magical handkerchief, given to his mother by an Egyptian charmer. Some of Shakespeare`s outsiders, such as Shylock, or in this play Emilia and Bianca, have speeches that claim similarity to those in the majority. But as the object of persecution near the beginning, Othello maintains not his equality but his meriting a high position. He never becomes as much a moral outsider as Cornwall is when he puts out Gloucester`s eyes or Lady Macbeth when she prays to the spirits of evil. Othello kills Desdemona thinking that she is evil. Yet Othello kills himself in atonement.His suicide is one of the most significant changes Shakespeare made from his source.
COLERIDGE AND PLACE IN BRITISH ROMANTICISM Aysel VALIYEVA Qafqaz University ayselveliyeva1984@gmail.com AZERBAIJAN
The Romantic period was largely a reaction against the ideology of the Enlightenment period that dominated much of European philosophy, politics and art from the mid 17 th century until the close of the 18 th century. Whereas Enlightenment thinkers value logic, reason and rationality. Romantics value emotion, passion and individuality. Romanticism was a period against the progress of bourgeois civilization. The essential feature of romanticists was their critical attitude to bourgeois reality and capitalist civilization with its new forms of oppression. One of the representatives of this period in British literature is Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was an English poet and philosopher. At various times Coleridge was a great poet, a brilliant critic and theoretician. He is considered to be the father of modern English literary criticism. Coleridge was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England with his friend William Wordsworth. S. T. Coleridge was born on 21 October 1772 in the country town of Ottery st. Mary, Devonshire England in the family of a clergyman. As a child he was noted for his bookish and dreamy nature. At the age of three he could read and before he was five he had read “The Arabian Nights”. He attended Cambridge University. At the University he was famous for his knowledge of ancient tongues and philosophy. He left Cambridge without taking his degree. Coleridge had a deep interest to revolution ideas, but after meeting his friend W. Wordsworth his ideas changes from revolution to poetry. Coleridge is probably best known for his long poems. His poems directly and deeply influenced all the major poets of the age. In his poems he used supernatural elements, visionary elements. Coleridge is poetry and prose writings are shot through with images drawn from just such widespread reading and study. He is a poet and thinker who provides an entire generation with new ways of thinking about the wonders and strangeness of the natural world. In 1795 Coleridge befriended W. Wordsworth who greatly influenced Coleridge’s verse. Coleridge whose early work was celebratory and conventional began writing in a more natural style. In his “conversation poems”, such as “Frost at Midnight” and “This Lime-Tree Bower my Prison”, Coleridge used his intimate friends and their experiences as subjects. In 1798 W. Wordsworth and Coleridge published their best work “Lyrical Ballads”. ”Lyrical Ballads” caused a revolution in English poetry. It marked the beginning of the English Romantic Movement. The ballads arose from a series of conversations between Coleridge and W. Wordsworth. III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS 1123
Qafqaz University 17-18 April 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan As a poet Coleridge is known for his long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Kubla Khan” and “Christabel”. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is a narrative poem that is a mix of traditional ballad form, adventure story and relates the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage and tells how sailor shoots an albatross that has come through the snow and fog to his ship surrounded by ice. As a result his ship is cursed, because the albatross is a symbol of the universal goodness of nature. It is a punishable offence against nature to kill the bird. The sailor is now condemned to wander from land to land, teaching people to love “man and bird and beast”. Since then the mariner has a longing to tell his tale. “Kubla Khan” is one of the most famous and most analyzed English poems. This poem describes Xanadu, the palace of Kubla Khan, a Mongol emperor and the grandson of Genghis Khan. The poem’s speaker describes the setting of Emperor’s palace, which he calls a “pleasure dome”, a river that runs across the land, about the fertile land that surrounds the palace sweet-smelling trees and beautiful forests, then the speaker describes Kubla Khan himself, who is listening to a noisy river and thinking about war. The poem’s end becomes more personal and mysterious, as the speaker describes past visions he has had. This brings him to a final image of a terrifying figure with flashing eyes. This person, Kubla Khan, is a powerful being who seems almost godlike. “Christabel” is a poem about the conflict between good and evil. Christabel is good, Geraldine is evil. In the poem, the forces on both sides of the conflict are clearly lined up. Christabel has her faith, as expressed in her prayers to God and to the Virgin Mary. Although Geraldine does not actually call upon satanic powers, it is clear that she has their skills. Christabel which was published there are hints that while recognizing, the power of evil. Coleridge did not intend for it to win. In the conclusion nature will be justified; the woods, as well as the castle, will be rescued from evil by the power of good. Finally we can say S.T. Coleridge occupies good place in British Romanticism with his irreplaceable writing style. THE WORLD OF THE WILD IN THE NOVEL "THE CALL OF THE WILD" BY JACK LONDON Sevda İSMAYILOVA Qafqaz University ismayilova.88@inbox.ru AZERBAIJAN Jack London is the greatest fiction writer whose creations are evidence of events from his personal exciting life.In his short tales like "The Call of the Wild", "White Fang" he purely returns to the world of the wild.Unanticipated combination of incidents in these short stories drove London to compose the finest works of fiction.He portrayed his characters in the true and acute nature of North.His stories have mainly to do with "dog-heroes".He was accomplished in framing them in such circumstances when they have to validate their right for living.It is difficult not to feel a bitter winter, a sharp pain of starvation, a longing for cosiness in these stories.His novels overstates the crudity of the natural world.London was preoccupied with "enviromentaldeterminism",which utters that the world shapes us in ways we are powerless to resist. "The Call of the Wild" is the best novel ever produced about animals.This book is consi dered by many to be his masterpiece.Critic Maxwell Geismar called it "a beautiful prose poem".Jack London asserts his artistic objective in "The Call of the Wild": III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS 1124
Qafqaz University 17-18 April 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan "I have been guilty of writing two animal stories-2 books about dogs.The writing of these 2 stories, on my part, was in truth a protest against the "humanizing" of animals". "The Call of the Wild " as its name indicates an observance of wilderness, of primordial life, and even ofinhumanity.The book depicts the adventures of the dog, Buck taken from California to Yukon.Darwin'stheory of " the survival of the fittest" portrays Buck's background excellently.In this fierce world there are essential social rules that one should be aware of and obey them.Buck acquired lessons of these rules and order of the world of his prodecessors. Buck finds out that in order to survive, one should be savage.Observing and mastering, Buck finds out that self-protection implies more than protective action.He has a sense of the "Call of the Wild" in his blood and he replied the "Call of the Wild" as he had to survive. Rudebehaviours are a piece of the "law", specifically considering food.Buck robs food to remain alive. However, Buck does not only wish for survival,he longs for domination- as do his opponents,dog such as Spitz.When man or dog has obtained an adequate strength and skill,he may hunt on those weaker than himself,as London noticed it. "Mercy didnot exist in the primordial life.It was misunderstood for fear, and such misunderstandingmad for death.Kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, was the law". Northland wilderness is depicted in the smooth flow of dreams in the story: "In the fall of the year they penetrated a weird lake country, sad and silent, where wild- fowl had been, but where then there was no life nor sign of life-only the blowing of chill winds, the forming of ice in sheltered places and the melancholy rippling of waves on lonely beaches. "The Call of the Wild" would hardly ever have enjoyed its time of approval, however, if it had been an ordinary dog tale.It lived because it grisps the reader's senses and thoughts even as it informs the soul.
Qafqaz University indira.qandi.88@mail.ru AZERBAIJAN
With the movement for the abolition of slavery closely linked to creativity Harriet Beecher Stowe - the world-famous author of the book "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Beecher Stowe wrote many works, but only "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852) brought her international fame. The writer was close to the environment of the American clergy, and this is reflected in its outlook: it is believed that slaves patience and "Christian charity" planters - the path to their reconciliation. And yet the book Beecher Stowe played a major role in the movement for the abolition of slavery. Southern planters recognized themselves in the images of cruel landlords of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and were going to sue the author for libel. As for her first romantic novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" as a social and political phenomenon, something about his scales allow us to judge the words of US President Abraham Lincoln, who, while welcoming the illustrious writer, asked: "So you have that little woman, whose book launched so much war? " Of course, this statement was a deliberate exaggeration, but "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was really the straw that broke the public emotions, and they spilled over the edge. The protagonist of the book - the Negro Tom causes profound sympathy of readers for his honesty, kindness and diligence. However, we deeply alien to the idea of Christian non- III INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF YOUNG RESEARCHERS 1125
Qafqaz University 17-18 April 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan resistance, which is the epitome of Tom. After going through the flour overwork, beatings, he still before his death forgives his killers. The writer paints portraits not only humble Christians, but also of black fighters, people of great will and talent, covered hatred of slavery and the desire to break free from his chains. This inventor George Harris, his wife Lizzie, brave and self-sacrificing mother, who had miraculously escaped his child, sold slaver. This black woman Cassie severely avenge his master Legree for the terrible humiliation she suffered. Today, the term "Uncle Tom" is still considered a strong insult among African-Americans. It wasn't always so. Uncle Tom, the leading character in "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one of the best known and most sympathetic characters in American literature. And the novel, which is getting renewed attention as it marks its 150th year in print, is still widely read in US high schools and is among the most successful and influential books in American history. Images of slavery, drawn Beecher Stowe with a passionate indignation based on personal observations and a large factual material, made a great impression on his contemporaries. The Uncle Tom of the novel is a young and strong slave in the pre - Civil War South, a father of three young children who chooses, out of his Christian convictions, martyrdom over violence to deal with his oppressors. At the end of the novel, Uncle Tom sacrifices his life to protect others. "He dies because he won't reveal to his master Simon Legree the presence of two female slaves who have been sexually exploited by Legree. I think that no one should be held in slavery or servitude, Slavery and slave trade should be prohibited in all their forms and human rights also should be protected. ARABIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH
Qafqaz University
AZERBAIJAN
Arabic is the official language of more than 150 million people .It belongs to the Semitic language family .In today's life Arab script is used by one - seventh of the world’s population and contains 28 characters .This language is only language in the world where native speakers can read the book of poetry belongs to the 6th century and understand its main content. From the ancient periods Arabic culture and language were close relations with Europe, mainly with England, as a result of merchant trade and crusade. .English is so widely spoken referred to as global language ,indeed English itself borrowed many words from different countries over the course of its history .Not surprisingly ,English has borrowed wide range of words from the Arabic language .Arabic origin words is the seventh on the list of loanwords that English received . From the 8th century to the 12th century, this language became the language of science .Arabic innovations and inventions spread throughout North and West ,thanks to the outstanding philosophers and scholars of Arab world ,such as Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya, Omar Khayyam ,Khawarizmi ,Abu Ali al- Hussein Ibn Sina and etc .It was through that technical and scientific terms crept into English .Almanac -خﺎﻨﻤﻟا (al - manakh ) ,alchemy - ءﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا (al - kimiya) ,algebra - ﺮﺒﺠﻟا (al - jabr) ,algorithm -مزراﻮﺨﻟا (al - khuwarizmi ) are some of them.
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Qafqaz University 17-18 April 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan During the Middle Ages the most of the words cognate with Arabic sources. English borrowed this words through French because French was the language of the educated class .Loanwords received from Arabic are mainly adjectives and nouns .Loanwords related to trade "average" derived from French word avarie and Arabic word- ﺔﻳراﻮﻋ (avariyya) refers to damaged goods .Another word related to the sphere of navigation "admiral" was used for the first time in 13th century from Arabic -لاﺮﻴﻣأ (Amiral) means commander .The word which is used in native vernaculars every day "saffron" derived from old French and Arabic -ناﺮﻔﻋﺰﻟا (al - zafaran) .This word appeared 13th century in "trinity college homilies ".The word "pack- horse" came from Arabic -سﺮﻔﻟا meaning "horse" .it was used in 11th century in "Letter of Alexander to Aristotle ". In fact many European scholars began to deal with Arabic learning and were interested namely astronomy and mathematics .Even well-known author Chaucer brought 24 new loanwords from Arabic .He used these words in his works especially in "Treatise on the Astrolabe " written in 1391.One of the famous loanwords that he used was checkmate .Etymologically this word derived from Arabic and Persian origins "shah mat" meaning "the king is dead". Another examples can be alcohol - (لﻮﺤﻜﻟا), Safari (-يرﺎﻔﺳ), typhoon - (نﻮﻔﻴﺗ) coffee - ( ةﻮﻬﻗ) , lemon -(نﻮﻤﻴﻟ), gazelle -(لاﺰﻏ),giraffe (ﺔﻓارز), etc. Arabic language has already given its precious endowment to the English language and this contribution flow continues. Borrowings or loanwords play a crucial role in enrichment of language and maintain the vocabulary up to date .German linguist Herman Paul emphasizes that word can be loaned for two different reasons .The first, to fill the gap in the language, in case of demanding cultural products or items .The second, words can be borrowed because culture enjoy prestigious words .In both situations loanwords serves to the enhancement of language.
POSITION OF VOCTORIAN PERIOD WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY
Qafqaz University
AZERBAIJAN
The Victorian age was identified by quick change and improvements in nearly every field from evolvement in medical, scientific and technological knowledge to changes in population growth and location. But there still remained woman question in the society. For a modern woman of the 21 st century it would be very difficult to understand what her life would have been if she had been born in a society of Victorian Period England. Nowadays almost every woman has her own private life, her rights, her choices, independence etc. But what about the women of Victorian period? Of course it would be wrong to lump all women of the Victorian era as one body, but most of the women of the 19 th century had no choices; majority of them lived in a state a little bit better than slavery. However, there were also women with independent original thought. The main example can be made by mentioning the name of the queen of the period, Queen Victoria. Most of women got accustomed to these conditions, they confirmed that a woman’s place was in the home, and for that reason life became easier for those women.The career for women was marriage. Their unique aim was to become a good wife. A woman, who did not marry, remained single, would attract social disapprobation and sorrow. And if a young lady
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Qafqaz University 17-18 April 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan did not end up getting married, then she was expected to live the rest of her life by devoting herself to charity. The women were always ruled by others, they did not have a right to make a decision on their own. Born without money, they began work between the ages approximately 8 to 12 and continued until marriage. There were, of course, job restrictions for women. The women of lower class worked in the factories, clothing industries, laundries or various other kinds of jobs. Another type of employment for the lower class women was the domestic service. Most of women worked as governesses. The governess was a strange figure during Victorian period: she was neither a part of the family, nor yet an ordinary servant. Most of governesses lived with their employers, and received very low salary.Having governess was considered a status symbol at those times. Women were behaved as property of their husbands or family. They were inherited from their families, belonged to their husbands on marriage. If wife was divorced from her husband she had no rights of access to see her children. The custody of children was given to the father, no matter what was the reason for getting divorced. A divorced woman had no chance of acceptance in society again. The wife lost all her rights on her property she had prior to her marriage and did not have any right to claim any of them after the divorce, which was also not possible until 1857. Until 1891, a woman could not obtain a divorce, except in extremely rare cases; if she ran away from an intolerable marriage the police captured her and brought her back to her husband, and the husband in that case had a right to imprison her. All this was sanctioned by church, custom, law, history, and approved by the society in general. Many books, articles, novels were written about women of the Victorian period, describing the life circumstances of women. I want to conclude my article with the extract from John Ruskin’s essay ‘Of Queen’s Gardens’: “The man’s power is active, progressive, defensive. He is eminently the doer, the creator, the discoverer, the defender. His intellect is for speculation and invention; his energy for adventure, for war, and for conquest, wherever war is just, wherever conquest necessary. But the woman’s power is for rule, not for battle, - and her intellect is not for invention or creation, but for sweet ordering, arrangement, and decision. She sees the qualities of things, their claims, and their places. Her great function is Praise: she enters into no contest, but infallibly adjudges the crown of contest. By her office, and place, she is protected from all danger and temptation. The man must be wounded, or subdued, often misled, and always hardened. But he guards the woman from all this.”
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