Rajamurodov z. T., Rajabov a. I. Odam va hayvonlar fiziologiyasi
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MUNDARIJA
427 Umurtqalilarning qon plazmasi va zardobining tarkibi va xususiyatlari........74 Qon guruhlari................................................................................................. 77 To‘qima oraliq suyuqligi.................................................................................81 Limfa.............................................................................................................. 82 Qon tarkibining boshqarilishi......................................................................... 84 III-BOB. QON VA LIMFA AYLANISHI FIZIOLOGIYASI Qon aylanishi evolyutsiyasi...........................................................................86 Yurak faoliyatining fazalari. Yurak klapanlarining roli............................ . 90 Yurak muskullarining xususiyatlari............................................................... 98 Yurak muskullarining qon bilan ta’minlanishi............................................... 104 Yurak faoliyatining boshqarilishi................................................................... 105 IV-BOB. QON TOMIRLARI FIZIOLOGIYASI Qonbosimi..................................................................................................... 110 Qonning oqish tezligi..................................................................................... 113 V-BOB. KAPILLYARLAR FIZIOLOGIYASI Tomirlarda qon oqishining boshqarilishi........................................................ 118 Turli organlarda qon aylanishining xususiyatlari........................................... 122 Limfaning hosil bo‘lishi va aylanishi............................................................. 124 VI-ВОВ. NAFAS OLISH FIZIOLOGIYASI Nafas olish va chiqarish tizimi........................................................................128 Qonda kislorod yetishmasligi va karbonat angidrid gazi ko'pligining nafas olishni boshqarishdagi roli............................................................................. 146 Nafas ximizmi.................................................................................................148 Nafas harakatlarining boshqarilishi................................................................ 152 Turli sharoitlarda nafas olish...........................................................................155 VII-BOB. OVQAT HAZMI TIZIMI FIZIOLOGIYASI Hayvonlar va o'simliklaming oziqlanishi va moddalar almashinuvidagi asosiy farqlari................................................................................................. 158 Hujayra ichida va tashqarisida ovqat hazm qilish........................................... 158 Ovqat hazmi organlari funksiyalarini Pavlovcha o‘rganish usullari............... 160 Soiakning tarkibi va hazmlovchi ta’siri......................................................... 164 So‘lak ajralishi................................................................................................ 165 Soiak hosil bo‘lish mexanizmi...................................................................... 166 So‘ lak ajratishning boshqarilishi.................................................................... 167 Me’dada shiraning ajralishi............................................................................ 174 Me’da motorikasi (harakati)........................................................................... 179 Me’dada hazm bo‘lgan oziq moddalaming ichakka o‘tkazilishi.................... 180 Ozuqalarning ichaklarda hazm boiishi......................................................... 181 0 ‘n ikki barmoqli ichakda ovqat hazmi......................................................... 182 Me’da osti bezi shirasining tarkibi va hazmlovchi xususiyatlari....................183 Me’da osti bezi shirasi ajralishining nerv va nerv-gumoral boshqarilishi..... 184 ОЧ hosil bo‘lishi va chiqarilishi..................................................................... 186 428 Ichaklar shirasining fermentativ tarkibi..................................... ' хч Ovqat hazmi organlarining harakat funksiyalari............................................ 191 Ochlik va chanqash......................................................................................... 197 Ovqat hazm kanalida so‘rilish jarayoni......................................................... 197 Suv, tuzlar va parchalanish mahsulotlarining so‘rilish y o ii.......................... 200 VIII-BOB. OZIQLANISH, MODDALAR VA ENERGIYA ALMASHINUVI JARAYONLARI Oziqlanish va moddalar almashinuvi..............................................................206 Moddalar almashinuvining o‘rganish usullari................................................ 207 Oqsillar............................................................................................................208 Nukleoproteidlar almashinuvi.........................................................................210 Oqsillar almashinuvida oshqozon-ichak tizimining ishtiroki......................... 214 Oqsillar almashinuvining boshqarilishi...............................'. . . . . ................... 214 Lipidlar, ularning klassifikasiyasi va fiziologik roli.......................................215 Almashtirib bo‘lmaydigan yog‘ kislotalari............................ ........................ 217 Lipoidlar va ularning ahamiyati..................................................................... 218 Yog‘lar almashinuvining boshqarilishi...........................................................219 Uglevodlar............................................................................................... ....... 219 Uglevodlar almashinuvining boshqarilishi............. ....................................... 222 Vitaminlar va ularning modda admashinuvidagi roli..................................... 222 Yog‘da eruvchi vitaminlar....................................................... . ..................... 223 Suvda eruvchi vitaminlar................................................................................ 227 Vitaminlar, gormonlar va fermentlarning o‘zaro aloqasi..... .................... ... 236 Mineral moddalar almashinuvi.................................................................... .. 236 Ayrim mikroelementlaming organizm uchun ahamiyati......................... ......238 Suv almashinuvi........................................................................................... 241 0 ‘suvchi organizmning oziqlanishi............................................................ 243 Hayvonlar organizmida energiya muvozanati va uni aniqlash.......................248 Nafas koeffisiyenti va uning ahamiyati......................................................... 249 Umumiy va asosiy almashinuv.......................................................................250 Ozuqalar tarkibidagi oqsillar, uglevodlar, yog‘lar va dormon dorilar........... 253 Turli haroratli sharoitlarda hayot jarayonlari......................................... . 257 Termoregulyasiyaning buzilishi........................................................... ......... 259 Moddalar almashinuvi va termoregulyasiyaning markaziy asab mexanizmi....................................................................................................... 260 IX-BOB. AYIRUV (CHIQARUV) TIZ1MI FIZIOLOGIYASI Buyrakning tuzilishi haqida qisqacha ma’lumot.............................................263 Siydik hosil boiishi........................................................................................ 264 Siydik hosil bo‘lishining boshqarilishi.......................................................... 269 Siydikning tarkibi va fizik-kimyoviy xossalari............................................. „270 Siydik chiqarish.............................................................................................. 273 Qo‘shimcha ayiruv organlari......................................................................... 275 429 Odamlar va hayvonlar terisining ekskretorlik funksiyalari............................ 276 Jigar va o‘pkaning sekretor funksiyasi........................................................... 278 X BOB. ICHKI SEKRETSIYA BEZLARI FIZIOLOGIYASI Endokrin bezlar faoliyatini o‘rganish usullari................................................ 283 Qalqonsimon bez............................................................................................ 284 Qalqonsimon bez faoliyatini boshqarilishi..................................................... 288 Qalqosimon bez yonidagi (paratireoid) bezchalaming ichki sekretsiyasi...................................................................................................... 288 Buyrak usti bezlari.......................................................................................... 291 Gipofiz............................................................................................................ 298 Gipofiz faoliyatining boshqarilishi................................................................. 302 Jinsiy bezlaming ichki sekretsiyasi................................................ .................302 Platsentaning endokrin faoliyati...................................................................... 304 Epifizning endokrin faoliyati.......................................................................... 304 Timus - ayrisimon bez............................................................. .......................305 Boshqa organlaming ichki sekretorlik faoliyati.............................................. 306 Endokrin bezlar faoliyatining asab tizim orqali boshqarilishi........................ 306 Reflektor va gumoral boshqarishlaming o‘zaro bog‘liqligi............................ 307 Endokrin bezlar faoliyatining yoshiga va yashash sharoitiga bog‘liqligi........................................................................................................ 307 Funksiyalarning boshqarilishdagi boshqa gumoral omillar............................ 308 XI-BOB. ASAB VAMUSHAK FIZIOLOGIYASI Ritmik q o ^ a lis h la r..................................................................................... 317 Labillik............................................. ..............................................................319 Parabioz haqida tushuncha............................................................................. 320 Muskullar fiziologiyasi................................................................................... 321 Ko‘ndalang-targil muskullaming xususiyatlari.............................................. 322 Muskulning cho‘ziluvchanligi, elastikligi va plastikligi.................................324 Muskullaming qisqarish ximizmi................................................................... 326 Muskullaming charchashi...............................................................................327 Qo‘zg‘aluvchan to‘qimalardagi bioelektr hodisalari...................................... 327 Silliq muskullaming xususiyatlari................................................................. 332 Nerv fiziologiyasi............................................................................................333 Nerv tolalarining xususiyatlari........................................................................333 Sinaps. Ta'sirotlaming sinapslardan o‘tkazilish mexanizmi...........................336 XltBOfc. MARKAZIY ASAB TIZIMI FIZIOLOGIYASI Nervning tuzilishi...........................................................................................338 Nerv tolasining xossalari................................................................................ 339 Qo‘zg‘alishning nervdan muskulga o‘tishi.....................................................340 Markaziy asab tizimining roli va umumiy tuzilish chizma.............................341 Refleks va reflektor yoy................................................................................. 342 Markaziy asab tizimining asosiy xossalari.................................................... 346 430 Markaziy asab tizimidagi tormozlanish............................................ ........ 350 Markaziy nerv sistemasining koordinatsiyalovchi roli...................................351 Orqa miya funksiyalari................................................................................... 354 Keyingi miya.................................................................................................. 357 O'rta miya....................................................................................................... 360 Oraliq miya.................................................................................................... 360 Retikulyar formasiya (tuzilma).......................................................................361 Miyacha...........................................................................................................362 Vegetativ nerv tizimi.......................................................................................364 XIII-BOB OLIY ASAB FAOLIYATI FIZIOLOGIYASI Katta yarim sharlar po‘stlpg‘i funksiyalarini o‘rganish usullari.....................372 Po‘stloq faoliyatini o‘rganishda I.M.Sechenov va I.P.Pavlovning roli......... 372 Katta yarim sharlar po‘stlog‘i turli qismlarining funksional va struktura xususisyatlari................................................................................... 373 Shartli reflekslar haqidagi ta’imot...................................................................375 Bosh miya po‘stlog‘ida kuzatiladigan tormozlanish jarayonlari.................... 381 Chegaradan chiqqan tormozlanish.................................................................. 382 Katta yarim sharlar po‘stlog‘idagi irradiatsiya, konsentratsiya va induksiya hodisalari........................................................................................................ 384 Miya po‘stlog‘ida ta’sirotlarning analiz va sintez qilinishi........................... 385 Asab tizimining tiplari.................................................................................... 387 Uyqu................................................................................................................391 Signal tizimlar................................................................................................. 392 I.P.Pavlov ta’limotining xalq xo‘jaligidagi ahamiyati....................................393 Sezgi organlari - analizatorlar........................................................................ 394 Analizatorlaming umumiy xususiyatlari.........................................................398 Analizatorlarni tekshirish usullari...................................................................400 Ko‘rish analizatori...........................................................................................401 Ko‘rish fiziologiyasi....................................................................................... 403 Ko‘zning himoya apparati...............................................................................410 Eshitish analizatori..........................................................................................410 Eshitish fiziologiyasi....................................................................................... 412 Tana muvozanatini saqlovchi apparat - vestibulyar analizator..................... 414 Teri analizatori.................................................... ..................................... ......416 Hid sezish analizatori...................................................................................... 419 Hid bilish mexanizmi ..................................................................................... 420 Ta’m bilish analizatori............................ 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