10/18
The use of fire is one of humankind's most powerful early inventions and radically
changed the way our ancient ancestors lived. Offering warmth and the ability to cook
foods such as meat, the campfire was also a social gathering place. Fire also provided
some protection against predators.
The exact date fire was discovered has long remained a mystery, with some studies
suggesting it was first used by hominins in Kenya 1 million years ago to cook meat. Other
evidence suggests that Neanderthals in Europe and Asia harnessed fire, while
Homo
sapiens
evolving in Africa mastered the skill of creating fire. More recently, archaeologists
in Israel found evidence of hominin fire use dating to 1.5 million to 2 million years ago.
12. Concrete
Concrete enabled huge structures to be
constructed (Image credit: Ruhey via Getty
Images)
Ancient Romans are credited as one of the first societies to use concrete in architecture,
with Roman bathhouses and iconic sites such as the Colosseumand Pantheon dome
constructed using concrete mixed with volcanic ash, lime, and seawater. Incredibly, many
of these ancient buildings are not only standing, but remain in good condition some 2,000
years later — a testament to the longevity of Roman concrete. However, the ancient
Egyptians used a crude form of concrete in their buildings much earlier in 3000 B.C.,
employing forms of concrete mixed with ash and salt water to create mortar. One study
concluded that parts of the Great Pyramids of Giza might have been built using concrete.
Concrete is strong in compression but breaks easily in tension, so the invention of
reinforced steel-concrete toward the end of the 19th century in France, which lends
concrete some of steel's tensile strength, enabled concrete to be used more widely in
construction.
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