166
Containing China
To summarize, and to the extent that one can speak about a text that
is only partially preserved,
The China Mirror
and
Ten Teachings
appear
to take similar positions with regard to the continent and what it has to
offer as an object of instruction. China is both a placeless and timeless
locus of cultural authority (or the elements worthy of appropriation are
so temporally distant as to seem timeless) and a sociohistorically delim-
ited site moving along a trajectory of decline. Of course, this bifurcation
of the image of China happens at diff erent narrative levels in the works.
In
Ten Teachings
, the overarching image of China is one of an amorphous
cultural grab bag from which exemplars, primarily good but occasion-
ally bad, are conveniently extracted. The historical narrative is present,
but in disjointed fashion, and its reconstruction in all likelihood prob-
ably requires a reader who is looking for it.
In contrast, as noted above, the ultimate organizing principle of the
surviving portion of
The China Mirror
is chronological. Thus, even as
the specifics of each scroll or dynasty often lend themselves to diff er-
ent interpretations or imply a variety of priorities, it is the overarching
framework—the primarily forward-moving
unfolding of historical
events—that suggests the takeaway message: that it is a civilization where
the Buddhist teachings are in decline. What is common to both works,
however, is that when history is brought into play, what it reveals is a down-
ward trajectory.
In attempting to understand the significance of this narrative of Chi-
nese history as decay, Tachibana no Narisue’s
Notable Tales Old and New
provides a valuable counterpoint. Yoshiko Dykstra has assembled the
scant information available about Narisue’s life and proposes that “Narisue
was a cultured and musically inclined government official of the junior
fifth rank, who had some leisure after his retirement from being a pro-
vincial governor and began to collect elegant
stories about aristocratic
Heian life, music, and poetry.”
85
His collection is an array of anecdotes
that relate matters concerning the Japanese
kami
, Buddhist teachings, eti-
quette, literary and cultural acumen, and so on, and it primarily deals with
the court nobility, as Dykstra points out. What makes it relevant to the
present discussion is the disavowal in the preface to the work of interest in
85. Dykstra, “Notable Tales Old and New,” 471. I follow Dykstra in the transla-
tion of the title.
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
167
the Chinese canon (noted above): “I did not take
a single peek at the Chi-
nese classics or histories—[this is] the work of the mores of [our] world.”
86
However, this claim does not mean that the work contains no refer-
ences to Chinese texts, figures, or poetic topoi. In fact, these appear in
abundance—in particular in the section on “literature,” in which numer-
ous
kanshi
draw on the Chinese tradition or earlier works. What sets the
work apart from
Ten Teachings
and
The China Mirror
, however, is that
these images are nearly always devoid of anything that would tie them to
a specifically Chinese origin or context. Thus, Bai Juyi can appear in a
dream (as when
Ō
e no Asatsuna [886–957] encounters him but awakens
before learning why) or as an author Japanese poets draw on, but typi-
cally not as a Chinese writer per se, as when the same Asatsuna and Sug-
awa no Fumitoki (899–981) are made to select the best poem from the
Hakushi monjū
(Collected Works of Master Bai).
87
To the extent that it
in no way treats the subject of Chinese history or historical development
or decline as such,
Notable Tales Old and New
does not present China as
a sociohistorical entity at all. China appears only as the vaguest of con-
structs, more consistent with the “cultural grab bag” image in parts of
Ten Teachings
.
88
Moreover, this particular styling of China is largely consistent with
that of the earlier court-oriented collection of China-centered pieces,
China Tales
(discussed in chapte
r
1). There, too, while the setting is obvi-
ously intended as China, it is likewise without historical detail: of the
twenty-seven anecdotes, only one provides an exact year, and a mere four
others by default provide the historical context of a reign because they
feature specific emperors. Otherwise, everything is simply “long ago.”
89
86. Nishio and Kobayashi,
Kokon chomonjū (jō)
, 28.
87. For both stories, see Nishio and Kobayashi,
Kokon Chomonjū (jō)
, 160–62. Bai
does make one appearance explicitly in China as the originator of a practice continued
in Japan (see ibid., 173), but this is the exception.
88. The other exception to this is entries 722–25. However, these, as well as the final
entry (726, taken from
Ten Teachings
), were added later. See Nishio and Kobayashi,
Kokon
chomonjū (ge)
, 414–19. For a chart that identifies the sources of tales interposed after the
initial composition, see ibid., 436–37. The issue of interpolations is discussed in ibid.,
433–42.
89. Three additional anecdotes identify figures as hailing from Chu, Jin, and Qin,
but I would suggest these are fairly vague designations with which to locate the tales on
168
Containing China
As with
Notable Tales
, the most desirable China for a court audience seems
to be one that is marked as little as possible.
The apparently diff erent orientation toward China exhibited by a
work such as
Notable Tales Old and New
, with little or no concern for a
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