The Continent as Object of Knowledge
163
The other entry is more representative of
Ten Teachings
’ Buddhist
orientation in that it is placed in a context in which both China and
Japan must take care. As a story, it stands out as the longest and most
complicated China-centered narrative in the collection, and it presents
an unflattering version of contemporary China. The story follows in its
entirety:
Recently, there was a Chinese emperor known as Huizong [1082–1135].
This was in the reign of our Retired Emperor Toba. That emperor was a
fool at heart, and he fancied what Daoists said while doing away with
the Buddha’s words. Thereafter, the country’s strength gradually waned
and the people grew unruly. It was customary [at the time] for mer-
chants to sell wares outside of the city, but the emperor prized gems and
summoned merchants within the palace
and had them do business
there. The merchants casually approached the emperor and received his
patronage. It was self-evident that the imperial heart was devoted to
profit.
At some remove from the capital, there was a land called Khitan. Because
they had a great deal of gold, they were called the “Great Jin [Gold].” In
the case of Japan, it was like the province of Michinoku, which is a land
that contributes gold to the court. In that place [Khitan], there was a king.
He was brave of heart and a clever strategist. The merchants went to the
[Khitan] king and told him about the emperor’s foolishness and devotion
to material wealth.
Thereafter, the king decided to raise a rebellion. It was about thirty days’
journey to the Great Jin. However, this was by the major thoroughfare that
wound through the land over great distances. If one were to go through
the steep mountains, it would probably take around seven or eight days.
That route was short, but there were numerous tigers and wolves, so no one
used it.
The land on either side of the [mountain]
route was known as the
Thousand-
Liang
Pine Wilderness. Long ago, a person of immense wealth
lived in that area and he had buried a thousand
liang
of gold in the wilder-
ness. That’s why it was thus dubbed. The king secretly hatched a plan with
the merchants, having them take a great deal of gold and present it to the
emperor. The emperor asked them, “What sort of gold is
this
?” to which
they replied, “On the way here from the Great Jin, there is a place known
as Thousand-
Liang
Pine Wilderness. It’s said that long ago, a rich man bur-
ied gold there. We went there and when we tried our hands at digging, we
happened upon this [gold].”
164
Containing China
The emperor was stirred with pleasure and said, “Bring me more.” As
instructed, they reported to him again. The emperor was dissatisfied. He
instructed the king of the Great Jin to dig up the gold. By nature, this king
was possessed of vigor, and he took many people to have them dig up the
gold. Because of this, the steep peaks were leveled, and the fierce moun-
tains were cut away, making the land just like a vast road.
Thereafter, the king of the Great Jin let word leak out that he was plot-
ting a rebellion.
The emperor was incensed and dispatched numerous troops. None of
them knew of the [newly made] good route. They set off via the main thor-
oughfare. After about twenty days had passed, the king of the Great Jin,
having reckoned that there would be few soldiers left in the capital, took
his troops instead via the newly made road and entered the city. They over-
threw
the capital, seized the emperor, and
returned to the Great Jin
[capital].
Thereafter, all of the countries fell in line behind the Great Jin, paying
taxes and reparations. After the emperor [Huizong] passed away, it fell to
his son to rule. Although he fought against the Great Jin, since not only
were they brave to begin with, but also by this time had grown stronger, it
was impossible to defeat them. Of three hundred sixty territories, roughly
one hundred seventy were taken by the Great Jin. The remaining one hun-
dred ninety were left to the emperor. Famous places such as Wutai Shan
and Chang’an were taken by the Great Jin.
As a result of this, the current emperor is not in the capital—he lives at
an approximately three-day remove from Mingzhou, the site of the district
administrative offices. Although it’s unusual for an emperor to live in the
country, which he is doing since he’s in the mountains, it is because he lacks
the power to live at [the site of] the district administration.
There are two district government offices in Japan: the Chinju Office in
Michinoku province and the Dazai Office in Tsukushi. In China, there
are government offices like this in all of the provinces. The current impe-
rial residence is now one of them. As for the River Shu, it’s the site in po-
ems on “washing brocade.” Like Japan’s Sunomata, it’s a place where the
river is wide and swift, and people don’t cross it. The river acts as a border
and is part of the territory of the Great Jin.
82
82. Asami,
Jikkunshō
, 329–33. Ron Egan has suggested that despite the lack of an
identified Chinese source, this representation of Huizong is not inconsistent with con-
tinental discourses (personal communication,
Februar
y 2
018).
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
165
This is the only entry in
Ten Teachings
to deal directly with Song China,
to say nothing of the Jin (1115–1234), and it is significant for at least two
reasons. First and foremost, its lack of an attested Chinese source not-
withstanding, it is awash in “reality-signals.” Not only is the Chinese em-
peror named, but his reign period is specified in terms meant to resonate
with local readers by indicating his Japanese counterpart. Sites are iden-
tified, and distances between concrete locations are measured in terms
of days. Supposed current political realities—the present emperor’s loca-
tion among them—are likewise explained. In other words, this is the most
“real” image of China as China that the reader encounters. Secondly, with
its colorful recounting of the fall of the Northern Song and Huizong’s
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