The Past in the Wake of the Mongols
199
all, the fact of their absence—that haunt the two
Mirrors
to appear the
soonest after their conclusion:
The Mirror of the East
(circa 1293–99) and
The Mirror of the Watchman in the Fields
(1295)
. The Mirror of the East
’s
narrative concludes just a year and a half before the arrival of the first
Mongol epistolary overture was brought to the attention of the court
and
bakufu
in 1268.
6
Unless the
Mirror
was completed almost immedi-
ately after the final events it records, this omission seems deliberate, and
it is consistent with the earlier
Mirrors
’ lack of narration or minimiza-
tion of recent threats to stability. The Mongols lurk more explicitly in
the background of
Watchman
as a threatening foreign force, but not one
capable of seriously jeopardizing Japan. Outside of the world of the texts,
even though the Mongol invasions were unsuccessful, the jockeying for
rewards that followed each one revealed how thinly stretched the
bakufu
in particular was. And the fact that a foreign invading army had reached
Japan not once, but twice, and had made major inroads into Southern
Song territory before overthrowing it entirely in 1279 was surely not lost
on those close enough to the centers of power to be writing would-be of-
ficial histories or boasting about that foreign power’s defeat.
Despite their coeval production, the final two Kamakura
Mirrors
re-
flect nearly oppositional worldviews. The differences are manifested in
their contrasting linguistic forms, structural conventions, and attitudes
toward their subjects, marking a divide that the historiographic
Mirrors
of the fourteenth century will inherit and replicate (a legacy addressed in
chapte
r
5). The current chapter focuses on the moment of this dramatic
fork in the road. I propose that even as the commitments that have char-
acterized the
Mirrors
thus far—the strategic use of place, language, princi-
ples, and the past—remain central to both paths taken by subsequent
historiographic
Mirrors
, the polarity of their specific manifestations re-
sults in completely divergent trajectories. That is, the
Mirrors
of each fork
ally themselves with a particular embodiment of authority and its pros-
pects. On the one hand,
The Mirror of the East
completes the genre’s jour-
ney to the institutional mainstream, where it is aligned with the interests
of warrior authorities to create a forward-oriented aspirational
Mirror
. On
6. Charlotte von Verschuer points out that news of this document was already cir-
culating among Japan’s elite in 1267 (Zuikei and von Verschuer, “Japan’s Foreign Rela-
tions,” 415–16).
200
Moving Mirrors
the other hand,
Watchman
takes the reader back to the home provinces
of the Japanese state, where it recommits the genre to a celebration of
traditional court culture (albeit in the form of an attack on innovations),
even as it seems to admit the ultimate impossibility of long-term success.
The fact that the
Mirror
is the textual vehicle selected for both posi-
tions attests to its continuing flexibility and appeal as a mode of reading
and writing. Nevertheless, an examination of the two iterations from the
late Kamakura will also point to where the genre seems to be moving away
from some of the attributes that were indispensable
to its early claims to
authority—in particular, a clearly demarcated cosmological framework
and a geographically unambiguous relationship to power.
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