98
Deviant by Design
to occupy a diff erent status in the network of temples in the area. Unlike
Kyoto’s Urin’in with its imperial origins or Hasedera with both imperial
beginnings and a prominent place on the elite pilgrimage circuit, Ry
ū
gaiji’s
roots are outside of the courtly system. Moreover, twelfth-century audi-
ences likely would have been aware of this, given the portrayal of Ry
ū
gaiji’s
founding
in just such a light in
Tales of Times Now Past
:
The Tale of How Superintendent Monk Gien Founded Ryūgaiji Temple
(11.38)
Long ago, in the reign of Emperor Tenji [626–71], there was a person known
as Superintendent Monk Gien [died 728]. His lay surname was Ato, and
his was a spontaneous birth.
In the beginning, his father and mother had lived for years in a village in
Amatsukami, [Kō]chi Commandery. They had lamented the fact that they
had no children, and after some years of praying to Kannon, one night they
heard the sound of a child crying from out back. Thinking this strange,
they went to take a look—there was something atop the brushwood fence
wrapped in a white blanket and emitting a boundlessly pleasing fragrance.
At the sight of this, they grew afraid, but when they took [the bundle] down
and looked, there was a splendidly beautiful newborn baby boy inside the
white blanket.
At that time, they both thought, “This has been granted to us because
of our years of prayers to Kannon,” and they rejoiced and took him inside,
where the narrow home was filled with his lovely fragrance. They took care
of him,
and in no time, he was grown.
The emperor learned of this and summoned him to adopt him as a
prince. However, this child was possessed of wisdom and understood the
Buddhist path. Therefore, he shaved his head and became a priest; he was
a monk at Kōfukuji, and in Taihō 3 [703], he became superintendent, while
his home, too, was made into a temple where a six-armed Kannon was
enshrined.
This is what is now known as Ryūgaiji. It manifests wondrous efficacy,
and many people take the tonsure and go there; perhaps it has been thus
handed down because prayers will surely be answered there.
29
This account of Ry
ū
gaiji’s origins suggests that it is a site with a very dif-
ferent valence than that of Hasedera. Unlike the combined imperial and
Fujiwara prestige behind Hasedera (discussed in chapte
r
1), Ry
ū
gaiji’s au-
29. Yamada e
t a
l.,
Konjaku monogatarishū
, 3:125–26.
Multilingual Writing in Medieval Japan
99
thority stems from its founder’s otherworldly origins as well as his re-
fusal to be co-opted into the worldly imperial system.
By invoking Hasedera as the setting while at the same time placing
it within a larger journey to Ry
ū
gaiji, a temple outside of the system, Ta-
dachika engages with both familiar concepts of elitedom as well as sites
of power that do not fall within the old system (the vulnerability of which
the war had exposed). In his invocation of both sites, Tadachika presents
a position that transcends familiar single-center models of authority. The
narrator’s movement between these two seemingly disconnected temples
and the diff erent social strata they represent implies an effort to reach be-
yond conventional social or worldly limitations.
This decentering is further complicated by the next development in
the preface. In response to the old woman’s request for information about
his experiences, the ascetic decides to relate a mysterious transmission that
he received while reciting sutras at Mount Katsuragi. There, he had been
overheard by a mysterious “emaciated” immortal, dressed in a “robe of
woven wisteria bark” and walking with the aid of a “bamboo staff.”
30
This
unidentified immortal is then explained as one who divides his time be-
tween Mounts Katsuragi and Yoshino. To readers versed in classical ac-
counts of the miraculous, the locations and shadowy figure would likely
have called to mind the famous seventh-century magician–lay practitio-
ner En no Gy
ō
ja (or En no Ozunu, exact dates unknown).
31
Although
the immortal does not directly correspond to En—they are later revealed
to be acquainted—establishing the innermost layer of
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