Free market is a summary tern for a set of exchanges that
take place in society. Each exchange is undertaken as a
voluntary agreement between two people or between groups of
people represented by agents. These two individuals (or agents)
exchange two economic goods, either tangible commodities or
nontangible services. Thus, when I buy a newspaper from a
newsdealer for fifty cents, the newsdealer and I exchange two
commodities: I give up fifty cents, and the newsdealer gives up
the newspaper. Or if I work for a corporation, I exchange my
labor services, in a mutually agreed way, for a monetary salary;
here the corporation is represented by a manager (an agent)
with the authority to hire.
Both parties undertake the exchange because each expects
to gain from it. Also, each will repeat the exchange next time
(or refuse to) because his expectation has proved correct (or
incorrect) in the recent past. Trade, or exchange, is engaged in
precisely because both parties benefit; if they did not expect to
gain, they would not agree to the exchange.
How can both parties benefit from an exchange? Each one
values the two goods or services differently, and these
differences set the scene for an exchange. I, for example, am
walking along with money in my pocket but no newspaper but
is anxious to acquire money. And so, finding each other, we
strike a deal.
Two factors determine the terms of any agreement: how
much each participant values each good in question, and each