Science and Education in Karakalpakstan issn 2181-9203 Science Magazine chief editor

Science and Education in Karakalpakstan. 2023 №2/1 ISSN 2181-9203 
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type of service enterprise and the specific content of its work. Enterprises in this area are usually 
classified in the West as follows: 
1) non-material sector; 
2) sale of services; 
3) know-how. 
Enterprises in the services and know-how sectors can be characterized by different labor 
intensity, capital intensity and require different levels of staff qualifications. Some services, such as 
computerized banking or air travel, require huge capital investments. Others, such as medical care 
or management consulting, require little or no capital, but are distinguished by a high level of 
professionalism of workers[6]. 
Further, due to the fact that the role of the non-material sector is growing (it includes after-
sales service, financial and other services related to the actual delivery of products), enterprises in 
this sector are classified in more detail into four conditional groups: 1) agencies; 2) professional 
(specialized) companies; 3) secretariats; 4) factories. 
A powerful information sector has formed in the structure of the economies of Western 
countries, which includes the following areas: production of knowledge and innovation, research 
and development, distribution of information and communications, advertising, etc. By the 
beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century, seven leading post-industrial countries had 80, 4% of 
the world's computer technology controlled 87% of the world's registered patents and provided 
90.5% of high-tech production. Thus, the volume of exports of American intellectual property 
increased by 3.5 times between 1986 and 1995. In 1995, the US accounted for about ¾ of the world 
market for information and data processing services. Today, the US accounts for 44% of global 
R&D spending. According to various estimates, the share of the information sector in the United 
States in 2018 was 60–75% of the country's GDP. 
Representing the most important resource of a new type of society, a person can realize his 
creative and intellectual potential, become a participant in social production, depending solely on 
how useful the goods and services he creates are for other members of society. Along with land, 
labor and capital, information and knowledge stand out, as well as a new quality of human labor, as 
a result of which new knowledge, technologies, and information are created. Information and 
knowledge act as an inexhaustible constantly improving resource in the post-industrial economy, a 
resource on which the progress and efficiency of any activity depends. The productive forces of a 
person act as human capital, which has a creative beginning and a high quality of education. 
Knowledge acquires a value form, changes the composition of the active population of the earth, is 
produced and will be produced in order to be sold, it is consumed and will be consumed in order to 
acquire value in a new product[7]. 
The study of information on "regional innovation leaders" showed that the leaders in 
innovative development are mainly European countries. 
The study of information on "regional innovation leaders" showed that the leaders in 
innovative development are mainly European countries. 
The Global Innovation Index evaluates a specific number of economies based on 80 
indicators. The index is the ratio of costs and benefits. This makes it possible to evaluate the 
effectiveness of innovation development in the country. Let's pay attention to the fact that 
Kazakhstan occupies the 74th place in the innovation rating. In 2017, Kazakhstan ranked 78th, 
Tajikistan - 94th. According to the indicators of innovative development in 2015, Uzbekistan took 
122nd place, in 2016 and 2017 it was not included in the rating at all, since many indicators are 
missing. All this indicates that the country has systemic problems of innovative development that 
need to be addressed. 

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