Strategy of the development of the government in the

– 
deepening|improvimng|broadening 
democratic reforms 
"to deepen" here is used figuratively 
rather than literally. Because reforms are 
an abstract concept and cannot be 
deepened physically. 
2 
jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashish – 
fighting/suppressing against crime 
to fight against ... is used in the literal 
sense of fighting with someone, since 
crime is abstract, it cannot be physically 
fought against, so this word is an 
example of metaphorical transfer of 
meaning.
3 
… ijro hokimiyatin ustidan 
nazoratni 
kuchaytirish- 
strengthening 
control 
over 
executive power 
the word over here does not mean 
through the top of something, because 
there is no top of the executive, but 
rather the control of the executive. 
The following examples are taken from the development strategy of the US 
according to Washington Consensus.
1 
As tax increases are ruled out, lower 
marginal tax rates and a broadened tax 
base are advised, similar to what was 
practised in the United States at the time. 
Tax is a compulsory contribution 
to state revenue, levied by the 
government on workers' income, 
but literally speaking it cannot 
have base, so this sentence is 
expressed in metaphorical way.
2 
…interest rates are largely determined 
by central banks, and hence tight 
monetary policy might be the key idea in 
disguise. 
Disguise 
is 
something 
that 
someone wears to hide their true 
appearance, but If people, objects, 
or activities are in disguise, they 

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74 
appear to be something that they 
are not, especially intentionally, 
so the meaning is expressed 
metaphorically.