Determining the potential impacts of trade liberalization on poverty in the Lao PDR requires
both qualitative and quantitative analysis. A number of sources describe poverty statistics for
the country, which provide insights into the trends and characteristics of the Lao PDR’s poor.
Meanwhile, a limited number of studies have examined trade liberalization’s impact on the
Adams and Park (1995) was pioneer to used multi-countries CGE model to analyzed the impact of AFTA on
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Still, very few studies have been carried out on the impact of trade liberalization on the Lao
economy. Anderson (1998) performed an early descriptive analysis study which
examined
the implications of WTO accession for agriculture and rural development. That study
predicted the net benefits of accession to be primarily positive, with economic growth
increased and continuing at a higher level than current. It predicted an expansion in
agriculture, agribusinesses and related service activities, which could expand income-earning
opportunities for rural communities already involved in agriculture. The study therefore
predicted that WTO accession would serve to address some central poverty alleviation issues
in the Lao PDR through the provision of more equitable income distribution across the
country. Finally, the study argued that government tax revenues could increase, particularly if
non-tariff trade barriers are tariff. Akkharath (2003) have also performed a descriptive study
of WTO accession. This study demonstrated a less overwhelmingly positive view of WTO
membership that included an examination both of potential challenges and also opportunities.
The Akkharath report argues that the Lao PDR would gain from greater access to global
markets as well as stronger trade rights under international law which guarantee equal
treatment with all other exporters. This, in turn, would raise trade and investment and their
related rights, as well as providing a less costly, often more efficient route to settling transit
disputes common for Laos considering it is a land-locked country.
There are also a number of studies which do use a CGE model to assess Lao economic
development. Many other studies conducted across developing country cases use CGE
models, however few of these use CGE model building as applied to the Lao PDR economy.
Fukase and Martin (1999) use a simple CGE model to assess the effects of joining the AFTA
on economic development, and determine that accession is indeed economically beneficial.
Fane (2006) discussed the government policies to ensure the benefits of trade liberalization
on income distribution. Menon (1999) examined the impact of the Laos’ membership of
AFTA
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.
Another study by Warr and Menon (2006) measured how improving rural infrastructure
would affect poverty in the Lao PDR. This study showed that considerable poverty reduction
would result by reducing the costs of transport, especially in rural areas, through road
improvement. Warr (2006) used a two-sector, multi-household CGE model to examine the
Nam Theun 2 (NT2) hydropower dam’s impact on poverty and economic growth on the Lao
PDR. The Warr (2006) model followed a 1-2-3 model structure which disaggregated at the
household level and included the production of two types of goods: exports and non-trade
goods. The results showed that although the project had significant effects on poverty, if poor
households do not share directly in the proceeds of the project, poverty is likely to rise.
Finally, Kyophilavong (2006), used a CGE model to analyze the potential impact of AFTA
on the Lao economy. The simulation’s results were significant benefits from accession to
AFTA for the Lao PDR, especially in non-agriculture sectors. Nevertheless, this model
involved only two sectors and did not analyze the impacts of AFTA on poverty and income
distribution.
In summary, there are few quantitative studies on trade and poverty in Laos, and none
examine the linked issues of environment, poverty and trade liberalization
using CGE model
analysis. This is a major gap in the current policy and research fields for a country facing
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Menon (1999) found that (i) Laos is likely to gain low trade diversion but AFTA will be vehicle for Laos to
negotiate market access issues with Thailand. (ii) It seems that the impact of AFTA on government revenues is
likely to be low. (iii) AFTA is likely to increase flows of FDI to Laos because improvement of legal,
administrative and institutional framework from ASEAN standard.
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great obstacles to development and recently joining the WTO. However, the newest version
of the GTAP 7 database includes an input-output table for the Lao PDR which might provide
a significant contribution to empirical studies of international trade (Narayann and
Walsmsley, 2008).
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