Allmark-Kent 243
a strangely-shaped boat moving alongside some spouting grey whales.
He wanted to clang a warning, but suddenly he saw to his surprise that
the humans aboard this boat had no harpoons in their hands. They were
gesticulating and shouting, starting at the great grey backs that
arched through the waves alongside them
—looking, but not harming;
extending limbs that were
empty of weapons, that reached only to touch.
[...] Longing filled him at this gentle scene. (262)
Yet organizations such as the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society cite
extensive research on the detrimental effects of whale watching, which can
result in both short and long-term consequences for the physical condition,
behaviour,
distribution, and reproductiv
e success of targeted cetaceans. Baird’s
idealized human-animal encounter
—rather like Gowdy’s idyllic wildlife reserve
at the end of
The White Bone
—reveals
attitudes typical of her time, and indeed
the majority of the research indicated by WDCS, was published after
Baird’s
novel. Both authors express the need to envisage an optimistic future, a
necessary exception to their profound criticisms of humanity’s relationship with
wild animals, even Grove gestures towards this by using the telepathic
interspecies communication between F.P.G. and the ant Wawa-Quee. The idea
that these animals will recognize our rare moments of benign behaviour, and
perhaps even ‘forgive’
our violence and exploitation, provides a reassuring
fantasy. It is nonetheless an act of guilt-soothing ventriloquism, and in these
moments the alterity and autonomous agency of the nonhuman (already
problematic in the wild animal story’s ‘fantasy of knowing’) is undermined
further. Here is the uncomfortable contradiction at the heart of these texts: the
sacrifice of alterity and agency, together with
the ‘disrespectful’ ventriloquizing
treatment of literary animals, is used in the hope of garnering support for the
respectful treatment of real animals.
Returning finally to
Moby Dick
, we can see this change in the white
whale’s agency when we juxtapose Melville’s and Baird’s texts. Interestingly, in
Allmark-Kent 244
her
comparison of English, American and Canadian representations of animals,
Margaret Atwood seems almost to predict the writing of
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