Allmark-Kent 247
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION
The Wild Animal’s Story
How do short stories about wild animals cause a controversy? My thesis
has been driven by this unusual problem, which sits at the heart
of the peculiar
but fascinating history of both the wild animal story and Nature Fakers debate.
The
genre’s simultaneous ubiquity and marginalization—fundamental to
Canadian literary animal studies, yet disregarded as something of an
embarrassment
—stimulated a variety of questions for me.
Why did Ernest Thompson Seton and Charles G.D. Roberts
create this
highly specific form of writing? What contemporary forces encouraged them to
attempt speaking on behalf of animals? What influenced the genre’s hybrid
blend of science and storytelling? Why did Seton and Roberts feel the need to
write such self-conscious prefaces to their collections? What inspired their
claims of fact and accuracy? What made them state their ambitions for the wild
animal story so often, and why have few critics taken them seriously? Why has
their work
been remembered as
a “scarcely respectable branch of [Canadian]
literature” (Polk 51)? Why has Seton’s name become infamous, whilst the
animal
stories of the
“father of Canadian poetry” (Verma 18) are so often
forgotten? Why did the Nature Fakers controversy happen? Which contextual
and ideological factors led to the success of the accusers (John Burroughs and
others) and the steady diminishing of the wild animal story? (Indeed, why would
such prominent Americans feel the need to criticize the animal
representations
of two Canadian authors?) Most importantly, how did the wild animal story and
Allmark-Kent 248
the Nature Fakers controversy impact the representation of animals in
subsequent twentieth-century Canadian literature?
After finding insufficient answers
to these questions, the task of re-
examining, re-contextualizing, and re-evaluating the stories and the debate
became the primary focus of my thesis. Though admittedly ambitious, the study
of twentieth-century, post-Nature Fakers Canadian literature was a necessary
context for
this re-evaluation; an original and effective gauge for the lasting
influence of Seton
’s and Roberts’ work. Moreover, the general marginalization
of Canadian literature means that the exclusion of any forms
of writing from the
national canon may be detrimental. Likewise, if the burgeoning field of literary
animal studies is to establish a zoocentric canon of what Kenneth Shapiro and
Marion Copeland both
described as “robust and respectful” animal
representations (345), we must scrutinize our reasons for omitting any text that
places nonhuman protagonists
at the centre of their
own
stories. This is
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