According to Romanes, the ‘lowest’ species capable of ‘communication
of ideas’ are hymenoptera, for whom it must be necessary for survival in hives.
Thus, all birds and mammals should also be capable of information exchange.
The most unusual
examples of such communication can be found in Seton’s
speculations around language and teaching. On the whole, he was much more
willing to experiment with his representations than Roberts. Perhaps due to the
difference in how they gained their knowledge of wild animals, their willingness
Allmark-Kent 135
to play and speculate tends to vary. Roberts’ might explore different situations
(for instance, what happens if a semi-domesticated animal is returned to the
wild?) but remains as realistic and close to the facts as possible. On the other
hand, Seton’s humour and playful language is often accompanied by
speculations about the animal’s mind and perspective. On these occasions, he
often uses anthropomorphic metaphors or analogies to signal that he is in this
more speculative
mode. In “Raggylug,” for instance, he imagines the story of
the Brierpatch when the young rabbit is learning escape routes
Long ago the Roses used to grow on bushes that had no thorns. […] So
the Brierbrush armed itself with spikes to protect its roses and declared
eternal war on all creatures that climbed trees, or had horns, or hoofs, or
long tails. This left the Brierpatch at peace with none but Molly Cottontail,
who could not climb, was harmless, hoofless, and had scarcely any tail at
all. […] Rose took the Rabbit into especial friendship, and when dangers
are threatening poor Bunny he flies to the nearest Brierbrush, certain that
it is ready with a million keen and poisoned daggers to defend him.
(130,
emphasis original)
Such speculations about local knowledge, communication, and even myths and
culture are forerunners to the more complex thought experiments that we find in
the speculative zoocentric texts.
This speculation is perhaps most evident in “Silverspot” from
Wild
in
which he imagines crow language and education. Throughout the story, for
instance, he identifies and ‘translates’ the different crow calls with the
accompanying musical
notations. “Caw Caw” in the Key of F translates to “‘All’s
well, come right along’ as we should say” (65). He identifies the sound and
meaning of ten specific calls from the “ca” for general “Danger” to the particular
“Caw Caw” sound for a hawk (66-7). Playing with the language of the military,
he also imagines the way that crows, as “our most intelligent birds,” (63) must
teach their young
[O]ld Silverspot is an excellent teacher. Sometimes he seems to make a
speech to them. What he says I cannot guess [...] Each morning there is
Allmark-Kent 136
a company drill, for the young ones naturally drop into two or three
squads according to their age and strength. The rest of the day they
forage with their parents. (79)
His anthropomorphic metaphors are inspired by the same search for analogy,
similarity, and continuity that led Romanes to conclude that a bird’s intelligence
is equivalent to an eight month child. Indeed, Seton remarks that observing the
group of crows communicate, instruct, and co-operate leads him to the
conclusion that they are “a race of birds with a language and social system that
is wonderfully human in many of its chief points, and in some is better carried
out than our own” (65). Such statements, along with his playful speculations,
drew much criticism in the Nature Fakers controversy. As I will discuss below,
Burroughs, in particular, took issue wi
th Seton’s depictions of crow language
and education.
Seton’s anthropomorphic language aside, however, these depictions do
not deviate substantially from Romanes’ view of avian intelligence. Indeed,
without going into unnecessary detail, we can see that Seton
’s and Roberts’
representations do conform to
Romanes’ theory of animal cognitive and
emotional capacities. Thus, the female ant in Roberts’ “Prisoners of the Pitcher-
Plant” demonstrates the curiosity, fear, and surprise that one might expect,
based on
Romanes’ table of emotional and intellectual development:
a little black ant was running about with the nimble curiosity of her kind
[…] she started to explore her new surroundings […] To her terrified
amazement, it was water she fell into. […] The ant had never been in any
such surroundings before, and was bewildered by the strangeness of
them (85-7)
Likewise, Romanes stipulates that fish are capable of play and pleasure (an
idea that remains controversial today, but is starting to be supported by
resea
rch) and hence, Roberts’ trout in “Master of the Golden Pond” is “playful”
and experiences “enjoyment” (
Watchers
28-9). Since Romanes attributes the
Allmark-Kent 137
‘aesthetic love of ornament’ to birds, it should be entirely possible that the once-
captive sparrow in Seto
n’s “A Street Troubadour” could have different nest-
building preferences than his mate. Since the only ‘nest’ he had known was in
his cage and made of basketwork, Randy becomes obsessed with gathering
twigs (113-4). His mate, on the other hand, chooses from a variety of materials
she encounters, from hay, string, and ribbon, to the fallen feathers of other birds
(115-8). Again, although Seton describes it in the playful language of
anthropomorphism, it is a reasonable speculation to make. Romanes finds
‘grief’ and ‘benevolence’ in all mammals. Thus, the actions of Seton’s wolf and
Roberts’ moose are not beyond the cognitive, emotional, and social complexity
of Romanes’ framework:
All that day we heard him wailing as he roamed in his quest […] There
was an unmistakable note of sorrow in it now. It was no longer the loud,
defiant howl, but a long, plaintive wail […] At length he seemed to find
the trail, and when he came to the spot where we had killed her, his
heart-broken wailing was piteous to hear. It was sadder than I could
possibly have believed. […] He seemed to know exactly what had taken
place, for her blood had stained the place of her death. (
Known
46-7)
Dropping awkwardly upon her knees in the snowy bushes, with loud,
blowing breaths, she reached down her head to nose and comfort him
with her sensitive muzzle. The calf leaned up close as possible to her
caresses. Under their tenderness the tremblings of his gaunt, pathetic
knees presently ceased. And in this position the two remained almost
motionless for an hour, under the white, unfriendly moon. (
Kindred
100-
1)
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