Allmark-Kent 128
that “it is obvious that the truth of that story must be of a different kind,” although
the careful writer of the wild animal story “may hope to make his most elaborate
piece of animal biography no less true to nature than his transcript of an
i
solated fact” (vii-viii). Hence we can see that the stories of a “single incident” or
“isolated fact” are most closely associated with anecdotes of observation;
Roberts even refers to it as a “transcript” of the observation. Although the
biographies
are still constructed from the ‘evidence’ of multiple observations,
there is no way to identify the anecdote from the invention
—this is where
Seton’s pseudo-autobiographical method is useful.
Roberts considers these
issues again in the preface to
Haunters
, where he concedes that it is “not easy
for any observer to be intimate” with animals that live underwater (v). He
explains: “when I write of the kindreds of the deep, I am relying on the collated
results of the observations of others. I have spared no pains to make these
stories accord […] with the latest scientific information” (v). Thus, he makes the
subtle distinction that, although he is presenting observations and anecdotal
evidence woven into scientifically-informed stories, he is not
producing
science.
Here again, we can perceive that he is not attempting to usurp the role of the
comparative psychologist, but instead acting as a facilitator and popularizer. If
we turn to Seton’s work, however, this line between presenting and producing
‘science’ is much less clear.
The first words of
Wild Animals I Have Known
—”These stories are
true”—have become rather
infamous, but rarely are the subsequent sentences
quoted as well:
These stories are true. Although I have left the strict line of historical truth
in many places, the animals in this book were all real characters. They
lived the lives I have depicted, and showed the stamp of heroism and
personality more strongly by far than it has been in the power
of my pen
to tell. (9)
Allmark-Kent 129
Although he claims to be reproducing the “Personal Histories” (1) of real
animals, as Roberts does, he concedes that they are not necessarily true in
their entirety. He specifies that he had “pieced together some of the characters”
when the “fragmentary nature of the records” made it necessary (10). Unlike
Roberts, however, Seton provides the vital details. For
instance, Lobo lived in
the Currumpaw region from 1889 to 1894, “as the ranchmen knew too well,”
and “died precisely as related, on January 31, 1894” (10). Along with these
dates and locations, Seton also includes details of other human observers:
Bingo was my dog from 1882 to 1888, in spite of interruptions, caused by
lengthy visits to New York, as my Manitoban friends will remember. And
my own friend, the owner of Tan, will learn from these pages how his dog
really died.
The Mustang lived not far from Lobo in the early nineties. The story is
given strictly as it occurred, excepting that there
is a dispute as to the
manner of his death. According to some testimony he broke his neck in
the corral that he was first taken to. Old Turkeytrack is where he cannot
be consulted to settle it.
[…]
Redruff really lived in the Don Valley north of Toronto, and many of my
companions will remember him. He was killed in 1889, between Sugar
Loaf and Castle Frank. (10-11)
He explains that Wully is a compound of two dogs: “The first part of Wully is
given as it happened […] The details of the second part belong really to
another” (11). Likewise, he adds: “Silverspot, Raggylug, and Vixen are founded
on real characters. Though I have ascribed to them the adventures of more than
one of their kind, every incident in their biographies is from life” (12).
By
highlighting these inventions or amalgamations, Seton enables readers to
identify the fiction, thus bolste
ring the credibility of the ‘facts.’ Moreover, the
‘proof’ that these animals were real strengthens Seton’s authority as an
accurate observer and interpreter of animal life. In other words, he has the
ability to
know
animals. Likewise, it identifies Seton as a reliable collector of
anecdotal evidence.
One problem, however, is that this blend of anecdote and
Allmark-Kent 130
autobiography favours animals with which humans can have sustained contact,
usually captive or semi-
domesticated animals. Roberts’ use of single incidents
or multiple but separate anecdotes maintains the wild animal's
autonomy and its
distance from humanity.
As an example, in
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