Haunters of the Silences
,
encounters “gigantic creatures dashing hither and thither among” the salmon,
“snapping them up greedily by twos and threes” (34). Yet these dangerous
“monsters” are in fact “young redfins, a couple of inches in length” (34).
Likewise, in “The Prisoners of the Pitcher-plant,” we receive an ant’s
Allmark-Kent 119
perspective of mammals we see as fairly small and attractive:
“An
overwhelming cataclysm descended suddenly upon the tiny world of the pitcher-
plant. The soft, furry feet of some bounding
monster
—rabbit, fox, or wildcat—
came down amongst the clustered pitchers, crushing several to
bits” (
Haunters
90-1, emphasis added). I suggest, then, that what we find here is in fact a
forerunner to the species-specific language we find in the speculative zoocentric
narratives. The protagonists of those texts place similar value-judgements on
other species, often deeming them ‘alien,’ ‘ugly,’ or ‘monstrous.’ Without
providing any solid conclusions or easy answers, Roberts helps to unpack and
defamiliarize our speciesism
—both the differing values and stereotypes we
apply to groups of individuals.
Dunayer
explains that, when classified as ‘vermin,’ “unglamorous
mammals” can be “legally killed in any number at any time, including when they
have dependent young” (57). The word transforms “speciesist genocide into a
public service” and a legitimate “punishment” for those animals. Unlike Roberts,
Seton is unmistakable in his efforts to defamiliarize the category of vermin. At
the beginning of “Badlands Billy,” for instance, he challenges the perception that
this label is ‘natural’ by historicizing the human actions that have led to the
demonization of wolves:
In pristine days the Buffalo herds were followed by bands of Wolves that
preyed on the sick, the weak, and the wounded. When the Buffalo were
exterminated the Wolves were hard put for support, but the Cattle came
and solved the question for them by taking the Buffaloes’ place. This
caused the wolf-war. The ranchmen offered a bounty for each Wolf killed,
and every cowboy out of work, was supplied with traps and poison for
wolf-killing. The very expert made this their sole business and became
known as wolvers. (
Heroes
112-3)
He then briefly uses the perspective of a wolver to demonstrate the disturbing
consequences of this label. For instance, although wolves were already
commodified for their fur, the hunting was seasonal; bounties could be collected
Allmark-Kent 120
all year round: “Pelts were not good in May, but the bounties were high, five
dollars a head, and double for She-
wolves” (114). This system means that
killing nursing females can be particularly profitable if the wolver is also able to
find her cubs:
As he went down to the creek one morning he saw a Wolf coming to
drink on the other side. He had an easy shot, and on killing it found it was
a nursing She-wolf. Evidently her family were somewhere near, so he
spent two or three days searching in all the likely places, but found no
clue to the den.
Two weeks afterward, as the wolver rode down an adjoining cañon
he
saw a Wolf come out of a hole. The ever-ready rifle flew up, and another
ten-dollar scalp was added to his string. Now he dug into the den and
found the litter, a most surprising one indeed, for it consisted not of the
usual fix or six Wolf-pups, but of eleven (114-5).
T
he wolver’s determination to find them and add “their scalps to his string of
trophies” (115) demonstrates the realities of speciesism. As their species has
been labelled
vermin
, these young wolf cubs are condemned to death even
before they are old enough to hunt. As Dunayer observes, use of the word
vermin
“blames the victim.” Again, however, Seton allows his human character
to catch a momentary glimpse of the history of these individuals. As he kills the
cubs, the wolver notices differences between members of this unusually large
litter:
these, strange to say, were of two sizes, five of them larger and older
than the other six. Here were two distinct families with one mother, and
as he added their scalps to his string of trophies the truth dawned on the
hunter. One lot was surely the family of the She-wolf he had killed two
weeks before. The case was clear: the little ones awaiting the mother
that was never to come, had whined piteously and more loudly as their
hunger-pangs increased; the other mother passing had heard the Cubs;
her heart was tender now, her own little ones had so recently come, and
she cared for the orphans, carried them to her own den, and was
providing for the double family when the rifleman had cut the gentle
chapter short. (115)
Once more, Seton does not reveal whether the man experienced any emotional
reaction to this discovery; certainly, it does not seem to alter his behaviour. Of
Allmark-Kent 121
course, the fact that evidence of such altruistic behaviour in the species he is
being paid to exterminate does not seem to stop him,
aids Seton’s
defamiliarization of ‘vermin’ and ‘wolving.’ Moreover, the fact that one cub
manages to survive the slaughter and is able to find a new “foster-mother” (118)
suggests that the female’s altruism may not be an isolated incident, hence
reinforcing the challenge to species stereotypes. The fact that the wolver seems
unaffected demonstrates the strength of such prejudices.
Similarly, Seton opens the
story of Tito, a coyote, by illustrating the way
in which speciesism subsumes all other ways of perceiving the animal:
Wolver Jake, the cow-boy, had awakened from his chilly sleep about
sunrise, in time to catch a glimpse of the Coyote passing over the ridge.
As soon as she was out of sight he got on his feet and went to the edge,
there to witness the interesting scene of the family breakfasting and
frisking about within a few yards of him, utterly unconscious of any
danger.
But the only appeal the scene had to him lay in the fact that the county
had set a price on every one of these Coyotes’ lives.
So he got out his
big .45 navy revolver, and notwithstanding his shaky condition, he
managed to somehow get a sight on the mother as she was caressing
one of the little ones that had finished its breakfast, and shot her dead on
the spot. (
Hunted
267-8, emphasis added)
Like the wolver in “Badlands Billy,” Jake is only able to see the coyote as a
commodified object, and treats her cubs the same. They flee into the den, but
he blocks all the entrances, walks to the nearest ranch, collects assistance and
equipment, and gradually digs out the entire structure:
After an hour or more the diggers came to the end of the den, and here
were the woolly, bright-eyed, little ones, all huddled in a pile at the
farthest corner. Their innocent puppy faces and ways were not noticed
by the huge enemy. One by one they were seized. A sharp blow, and
each quivering, limp form was thrown into a sack to be carried to the
nearest magistrate who was empowered to pay the bounties. (268-9)
Perhaps because coyotes tend to attract greater prejudice than wolves, Seton
emphasizes the similarities between these cubs and domesticated dog puppies.
More effective for defamiliarization, however, is the fact that he emphasizes
Allmark-Kent 122
their individuality and personality: “Even at this age there was a certain
individuality of character
among the puppies. Some of them squealed and some
of them growled when dragged out t
o die. One or two tried to bite” (269,
emphasis added). Although they are being seen and treated like objects, Seton
reveals to us the fact that they are already
autonomous, subjects of a life
.
Unusually, the wolvers decide to keep the final cub alive to be a pet for the
children at the ranch. And yet, by throwing her into the bag with the bodies of
her dead family, it is clear that they still see her as an object. Importantly,
however, Seton
’s continued prioritization of her perspective defamiliarizes her
objectifying
treatment: “bruised and frightened, [she] lay there very still,
understanding nothing” (270).
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