The White Puma
and the
original wild animal stories owe something to the fact that Seton, Roberts, and
Lawrence were not writing at the
height of behaviourism’s influence.
Despite the
century separating them, we can perceive, quite clearly, the common attitudes
to animal minds that they express. In ways reminiscent of Seton and Roberts,
Lawrence demonstrates the obvious survival advantages of an individual who is
able to identify and memorize different sensory input, recall and interpret that
information later on, and use this knowledge and experience to guide future
decisions. Indeed, Lawrence provides a long and detailed description of the
careful tactics the tawny puma used when choosing a new den. The following is
a condensed extract:
The cougar stood in front of the opening and sniffed intently, her ears
pricked forward, as sensitive to sound as her nose was to scent. When
she became satisfied that the den was not already occupied by a large
and powerful animal
—such as a bear or another cougar—she advanced
[…] The cat was, of course, aware that the influences reaching her ears
and nose were the normal and unchallenging signatures of a given home
site: the smells and noises made by small animals, the sound of the wind
passing through particular trees or over rocks, and a number of other
detectable but harmless stimuli of which, she had noted years earlier,
each den site had its own speci
al medley. […] Without conscious intent,
the cat identified and memorized all the olfactory and sonic
characteristics of this den […] The signals she monitored that night were
familiar and long ago stored in her memory, but the puma did not relax
until she completed her inventory. (117-9)
Likewise, he also uses encounters between the pumas and the hunters to
reinforce the advantages of an animal mind capable of integrating sensory input
with emotional memories:
After she had recovered from the wound inflic
ted by Walt Taggart’s
bullet, memory of the shock, pain, and fear she had experienced made
her more cautious than ever. [...] Had she scented Taggart and Cousins,
her phenomenal memory for odors, upon which all predators depend for
survival, would have allowed her to recognize her enemies. She would
have then led her young to a new range. (120, 161)
Allmark-Kent 182
Here, then, we can begin to the see difference between
The White Puma
and
earlier wild animal stories. Rather than relying on instinct or metaphor to explain
the actions of his protagonists, Lawrence does the (sometimes laborious) work
of demonstrating the survival advantages of their cognitive, social, and
emotional complexity. Of course, this would have been difficult for Seton or
Roberts to achieve within the scope of a short story, whether they wanted to or
not. By integrating the ability to
learn
(which, we might recall, was George
Romanes’ definition of having a mind) into his representations at all times,
Lawrence also indicates that the rigidity and fixity of pure
‘instinct’
is illogical.
Like Haig-
Brown’s ‘home stream theory’ thought experiment, Lawrence
essentially argues for the credibility of cognitive ethology as the most plausible
explanation of animal intelligence. Although the Nature Fakers controversy, and
early beginnings of behaviourism, led to an increased self-consciousness in
Seton
’s and Roberts’ work, it was generally restricted to their prefaces and not
their representations. As we have seen, however, the mid-twentieth-century
authors were rather more cautious. Yet the gradual decline of behaviourism
towards the end of the twentieth century means that Lawrence can take this
persuasive stance without the need to justify or explain his attitude to animal
minds.
As discussed in Chapter Four, the question of nonhuman teaching drew
some of the greatest ire during the Nature Fakers controversy. Yet, without
hesitation or qualification, Lawrence states that the female puma teaches,
instructs, and disciplines her young:
[S]he was aware that if her kittens were to survive, they had to be taught
to be cautious, to be keenly observant, and to exercise their memories,
even while engaging in routine affairs. So [...] the puma led her kittens
cautiously and taught them by example; patiently, and hour by hour she
demonstrated the skills that would make them capable of identifying and
storing a veritable cornucopia of environmental signals. (120)
Allmark-Kent 183
In 1992, animal cognition researchers, Tim M. Caro and Marc D. Hauser,
published a paper in the
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