Allmark-Kent 172
as the last of his species but will never receive an explanation. Instead, the
answer is
provided for his human readers, complicit directly or indirectly in the
extinction of this species. We are all complicit in the speciesist discourses that
legitimized both the slaughter of a species and the tragic isolation of a lonely
individual
—the
last
of his kind. We are the answer to the male Eskimo curlew’s
unspoken question, and the death of his companion reminds us, inescapably, of
this terrible fact.
Scholtmei
jer remarks that Bodsworth’s description of the curlew’s grief,
loneliness, and suffering “never steps out of line with natural behaviour” (132).
That Bodsworth does not seem to anthropomorphize the emotions of his
protagonist is significant and may be crucial to understanding his repetitive
insistence on instinct. In a statement rather reminiscent of both Seton
’s and
Roberts’ descriptions of their
own
work, Edwards states:
“Bodsworth takes facts
for foundation, then builds with plausible fictional materials a dramatic yarn”
(13). The influence of the wild animal story is clear. Indeed, Bodsworth
reinforces the representation of his curlew
as an animal
using a solid repertoire
of scientific knowledge regarding the biology and behaviour of the species:
The outer half of the curlew’s wing, composed largely of the stiff,
overlapping flight-feathers, was the propeller that drove the bird forward,
producing the airflow which give lift to the inner wing. With every stroke,
each individual feather in the out half had to be twisted through a
complex series of positions. With the down-stroke, the flight-feathers
twisted, front edged down and rear edges up, so that each feather was
an individual propeller blade pushing air to the reader and driving the bird
ahead. (Bodsworth 31-2)
Reviews of
Last of the Curlews
in Ornithological journals commend the
accuracy and detail of such descriptions. One review published in the
Journal of
Field Ornithology
in 1988 states: “Biological details come alive before your
mind’s eye and you look at familiar phenomena with a new perspective.
Allmark-Kent 173
Scientific detail is presented concisely and accurately, but one hardly thinks of
that as
you picture the elemental
struggle” (Burtt 425). Another reviewer
comments that the novel is “a touching story told by a biologist with a deep
understanding of shorebird biology” (Davis 394). Each reviewer praises the
balance between fact and fiction, yet they also feel the need to assure the
reader that they need not fear anthropomorphism in the book: “Science usually
frowns on fiction in its field” (Edwards 13); “The skilful avoidance of
anthropomorphism is quite remarkable” (Davis 394); “His
narration is neither
anthropomorphic n
or overtly sentimental” (McGrath 269); “We rarely use fiction
to put the case of an endangered species before the public, yet this is exactly
what Bodsworth has done […] Don’t get the wrong idea. This is not a
cute,
anthropomorphic story
” (Burtt 425, emphasis added). It seems, then, that
Bodsworth
‘succeeded’ in his realistic wild animal story where Seton and
Roberts did not. By repeatedly and overtly undermining the cognitive complexity
of his protagonist, he has
avoided the accusation of
nature faking.
Here, then,
we can see quite clearly the relationship between the controversy and the rise
of behaviourism as a model of animal behaviour.
Nonetheless, with great subtly, Bodsworth does engage with one of the
most controversial techniques of Seton and Roberts. Scholtmeijer observes
that, all the “details are historically and scientifically accurate, with the exception
of the hope that the last mating pair of curlews could save the species as a
whole” (130). I suggest, therefore, that there is an implicit suggestion that
Bodsworth’s narrative could be accurate too. The curlew’s journey matches with
the
recorded sightings presented in “The Gauntlet.” An edition of
The Auk
provides the account of “[t]wo Eskimo curlews which appeared to be a mated
pair” seen in “March at Galveston, Texas” (111). This extract is located in the
Allmark-Kent 174
novel at the same point as the pair “waited three weeks” in “the Texas prairies”
(109). By interweaving his narrative with this
piece of evidence, Bodsworth
echoes Seton’s techniques in the stories of “Arnaux” and “Warhorse” from
Animal Heroes
. All that is lacking, of course, is the assertion that the story is
true
. In this tentative, guarded manner, therefore, Bodsworth is able to produce
an ‘accurate,’ ‘factual’ wild animal story without causing a controversy.
Moreover, as in Haig-
Brown’s depiction of a pleasure-seeking salmon,
Bodsworth creates a distance between the claims he makes on behalf of his
Eskimo curlew and the ways that they actually behave. While it might seem
paradoxical, I contend that it is only through his insistence on instinct that
Bodsworth is able to write a ‘true’ narrative about an Eskimo curlew capable of
cognitive, emotional, and social
complexity
—including
love
—without it being
dismissed as
“a cute, anthropomorphic story” (Burtt 425).
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