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Stereotypes of dangerous predators enable the story to escalate quickly:
Andrew Bell, delighted with so much publicity, took one of the television
reporters and his crew for a flight over the country, circling the area
where
the cave was located
and flying a wide search over the puma’s
presumed territory.
Filming and recording in flight, the fast-talking, deep-voiced commentator
concluded his report:
‘
Somewhere beneath our wings skulks the vicious
mountain lion that cunningly ambushed Mr. Walter Taggart and mauled
him so savagely that doctors had to cut off his right arm. Even as we are
flying over this limitless wilderness during what has turned out to be a
hopeless search for
the killer cat, the few hardy people who live
scattered across this inhospitable county are keeping to their homes,
their doors locked and their guns at the ready, fearful of their lives.’ (37)
Exploitation of the label ‘man-eater’ benefits Taggart, Cousins, and their boss
Andrew Bell:
Quick to take advantage of the unexpected and totally free publicity, Bell
had immediately applied for, and easily obtained, official permission to
expand his
licensed hunting area; he was also allowed to construct three
new lodges strategically located in his new territory. As a result, he
obtained exclusive guiding rights to a region of wilderness that was 150
miles in width and 250 miles in length. With money readily loaned to him
by the bank, Bell set about expanding his wilderness empire. He hired
building crews and bought another Cessna. Construction of the lodges
had been started three weeks after Taggart was flown to the hospital.
[…] Bell had received so many applications from would-be clients that
had had been forced to turn down many. All of the applicants were
wealthy men and women who ostensibly wanted to hunt and fish, but
who were just as eager to experience the vicarious thrill of visiting the
region where lived the puma that the press had labelled as a man-eater.
(85-6).
Lawrence defamiliarizes myths of the hunter as a ‘heroic outdoorsman’ by
exposing the cynical economic motivations of these three characters. He also
reveals the ease with which Taggart and Cousins can construe the puma as
trophy, pest, or man-eater with ease. As revealed by Seton and Bodsworth, a
single species
ist label can ‘justify’ the deaths of countless individuals. The use
of all three labels enables Cousins and Taggart to legitimize almost
any
action.
As we can see, the nature of the animal advocacy message has
transformed since Seton and Roberts created the genre. Whilst they made
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general pleas on behalf of all hunted animals, and Haig-Brown and Bodsworth
demonstrated the specific
causes of species loss, Lawrence explores the
consequences
of Canada’s complex relationship with its wild animals. The
exploitation/protection dynamic, discussed previously in this thesis, is
epitomized by Bell’s relationship with the “Victoria headquarters of the fish and
game department” (250). As he boasts to Cousins and Taggart: “‘I’ve decided to
call the fish and game people in Victoria and ask them to declare open season
on all cougars in our region. I’m sure they’ll agree . . . I’ve some influence there,
you know” (242). A century after Seton and Roberts created the wild animal
story to advocate on behalf of wild animals, i
t seems that the country’s
nonhuman population is still considered an economic resource:
“Politically, the
outfitters [like Bell] had a lot of clout […] for they employed local
people as
guides and in other capacities and were thought to contribute to the economic
well-
being of isolated northern regions” (242). Thus, although it is necessary for
Lawrence to incorporate a secondary human narrative, he produces a more
nuanced conservation message than other texts. Indeed, this complex interplay
of motivations and discourses is entirely absent from the twentieth-century,
speculative zoocentric narratives.
However, this leads us inevitably back to the question: who saves the
puma? Towards the end of the novel, Lawrence introduces Lansing and Carew
as
they begin
“their own campaign, condemning the open season and,
especially, calling for the full protection of the white puma” (243). They succeed,
and the white puma is one of the few wild animal protagonists to survive his or
her own story. If the puma’s security is so reliant on human intervention, can it
still be said that he resists victimization? I suggest that, when read carefully, it
becomes clear that he
does.
As Lawrence indicates, both the near-extinction of
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pumas in North America and the persecution of the white puma (and his family)
are
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