Allmark-Kent 41
Paranoid Nationalism
(2003) could be applied to the Canadian context (129).
We can perhaps recognize
in Atwood’s language the “self-perpetuating victim
rhetoric of a ‘paranoid nationalism’ in which majority culture is seen, and
depends on being seen, to be under permanent threat” (129). Indeed Roy Miki’s
critique of this attitude in
Broken Entries
(1998) does make such a connection.
He argues that
“Canadian nationalists,” like
Margaret Atwood in
Survival
, […] adopted the language of victimization
to place ‘Canadian’ cultural identity in opposition to its external enemies,
American and British imperialisms. This triadic
model justified a reductive
‘Canadianness’—a cultural lineage linked to an essentialized British
past
—that elided the relations of dominance inside the country. (131)
It is with perhaps uneasy recognition of
this
element of her argument that the
literary animal studies critics who borrow
Atwood’s analysis of Seton and
Roberts tend to ignore her claims that Canadians themselves are victimized
animals too.
Considering Atwood’s words, and particularly
those of Polk in his
opening to “Lives of the Hunted,” there is perhaps a further connection between
a ‘fanged’ America and ‘persecuted’ Canadian animals. Although none of the
critics here
make any overt reference to it, I suggest that the subtext of the
Nature Fakers controversy could be a factor. We cannot overlook the
significance of the fact that the two most vocal and influential detractors of the
wild animal story were John Burroughs and Theodore Roosevelt
—both
enormously powerful authorities on nature in North America at the time. And
whilst the work of American authors Jack London and William J. Long were
criticized alongside Seton and Roberts, the wild animal story nonetheless
remains a
Canadian
genre, and so making the literary debate into a debate
across national borders as well.
Polk’s embarrassment at E.O. Wilson’s fantasy
of a Canada populated with Seton’s characters
surely demonstrates some
Allmark-Kent 42
residue of post-Nature Fakers anxiety. Likewise, I suggest that the impulse to
turn these characters into complex allegories for the Canadian psyche is
Atwood’s way of emulating a degree of the American anthropocentrism Polk
describes; animals in literature
are “always symbols” (75)
she claims, and
nature poetry is “seldom just about Nature” (49). It is useful here to recall Glen
A. Love’s argument in
Practical Ecocriticism
discussed in the previous chapter:
It is one of the great mistaken ideas of anthropocentric thinking (and thus
one of the cosmic ironies) that society is complex while nature is
simple
[...] That literature in which nature plays a significant role is, by definition,
irrelevant and inconsequential. That nature is dull and uninteresting,
while society is sophisticated and interesting. (23)
From this perspective then, the embarrassment of these Canadian critics is
unsurprising, and we must not forget that
Survival
and “Lives of the Hunted”
were published long before ecocriticism or literary animal
studies had
developed. Now, however, critics interested in anti-anthropocentric depictions of
either animals or the natural environment would do well to look to Canadian
literature. For instance, writing in the late 1990s just as
these areas of research
were beginning to gain ground, Susan Glickman introduces her monograph,
The Picturesque and the Sublime: a Poetics of the Canadian Landscape
(1998),
by justifying her topic:
Writing a book about the poetics of Canadian landscape presupposes
that landscape is a legitimate subject for literature. In Canada, this has
always been taken for granted; we have assumed that engagement with
the land is a subject of intense interest and depictions of its grandeur,
immensity and variety a primary source of aesthetic pleasure. (3)
As literary criticism continues to extend its interest beyond the merely human,
perhaps the Canadian fascination with the ‘non-human’ (both animals and the
natural environment) could become a source of pride rather than
embarrassment.
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