Allmark-Kent 39
the kill” (58). It is with this image of Canada as a threatened animal victim that
Atwood begins her argument in
Survival.
As stated above, until the development of literary animal studies, the
stories of Seton and Roberts were broadly seen as representative of animals in
Canadian literature. Both Polk and Atwood extrapolate from the wild animal
story to generalize and make claims on behalf of the nation, whereas I argue
the opposite.
As Lucas
explains, “[a]nimal stories like Roberts’s and Seton’s
have not been especially numerous
,” and between them “they have made the
history of the wild animal story almost entirely the history of their work in it”
(403, 398). Thus, I define the unique characteristics of the wild animal story
against
the majority of Canadian literature, instead of defining the
characteristics of Canadian literature
through
this minor genre as Atwood does.
From this position, then, she proposes that animals in Canadian literature are
always victims, and they are always victims because Canadians themselves
feel victimized. I take issue with this premise both for its inherent
anthropocentrism and for its homogenizing inaccuracy. Animal victims are not
restricted to Canadian literature, as
Marion Scholtmeijer’s
Animal Victims in
Modern Fiction
(1993) attests.
3
Likewise, not every animal
in Canadian
literature is a victim, as Susan Fisher indicates in her article “Animalia” when
describing the elephants of
The White Bone
:
“[they] certainly suffer at the hands
of human beings, but they are not animal victims in the pathetic sense Atwood
described, nor are they particularly Canadian” (160). I propose here then, that
th
e instability at the core of Atwood’s argument lies in the following
assumptions:
“Canada is a collective victim” (36); animals in literature are
3
She argues that the “conception of the animal as victim” has become so “universal” that “the
modern person is most likely to accept the animal’s status as victim as definitive” since “it has
become difficult
to separate the animal f
rom that particular role” (11).
Allmark-Kent 40
“always symbols” (75); Canadian literature always presents “animals as victims”
(75).
Atwood poses an
“easily guessed riddle” to her readers: “what trait in our
national psyche do these animal victims symbolize?” (75).
If each culture has a
“single unifying and informing symbol at its core,” then America’s is “The
Frontier,” “England is perhaps the Island,” and for Canada it is “undoubtedly
Survival” (31-2). She explains:
Like the Frontier and The Island it is a multi-faceted and adaptable idea.
For early explorers and settlers, it meant bare survival in the face of
‘hostile’ elements and/or natives: carving out a place and a way of
keeping alive. But the word can also suggest survival of a crisis or
disaster, like a
hurricane or a wreck […] what you might call ‘grim’
survival as opposed to ‘bare’ survival. (32)
Whilst anxiety over survival is understandable for
any peoples affected by
extreme geography and climate, Atwood argues that the issue is the survival of
Canadian culture too:
For French Canada after the English took over it became cultural
survival, hanging on as a people, retaining a religion and a language
under an alien government. And in English Canada now while the
Americans are taking over it is acquiring a similar meaning. (32)
Here we can see the return of
Polk’s ‘fanged America.’ Considering the nation’s
colonial history and Ameri
ca’s cultural dominance, this sense of cultural
instability is perhaps to be expected. Again though, Atwood takes this idea
further
: “Let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that Canada as a whole is a
victim, or an ‘oppressed minority,’ or ‘exploited’” (35). This
victim theory
becomes the core of her argument but without her fully engaging with or
explaining
how
Canada is victimized, beyond its obvious colonial history
: “Let us
suppose in short that Canada is a colony” (35). Although currently more evident
in Australia,
I concur with Helen Tiffin and Graham Huggan’s assertion in
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