Allmark-Kent 28
states of natural history and animal psychology at the turn of the century, than
the anthropomorphic errors of the authors.
Through the framework of practical zoocriticism, I will
explore the
interconnected discourses that shaped both the wild animal story and Nature
Fakers controversy, as well as the contextual and ideological factors that led to
the success of Burroughs and his fellow accusers over Seton, Roberts, and
their stories. For this
interdisciplinary approach, I will investigate the historical
evolution of the following: Canadian wildlife conservation and animal welfare;
the study of animal psychology; the widening gap between science and
literature; and the representation of animals in Canadian literature. As such, the
unusual interplay between literature, science, and advocacy brought together by
the wild animal story should also provide valuable insights for
practical
zoocriticism. Moreover, using this original analytical framework, I hope to
demonstrate a potential method for engaging with the literary nonhuman in a
way which incorporates both the sciences and animal advocacy.
In the second chapter of this thesis, “Knowing Other Animals: Nonhumans in
Twentieth-C
entury Canadian Literature,” my objective is
to demonstrate that the
wild animal story is not representative of Canadian fiction in general. At present,
however, there is no accepted theory of animal representation in Canadian
literature. Critics have asserted the importance of animals in the Canadian
context, but none have presented a satisfactory characterization of (or
explanation for) their role. In consequence, the secondary purpose of this
chapter will be to evaluate the current theories of Canadian animal
representation, and use environmental history and a survey of twentieth-century
texts to propose a potential alternative. It is here that I explain my model of
Allmark-Kent 29
animal representation (the fantasy of knowing, the failure of knowing, and the
acceptance of not-knowing)
in-depth, and provide a range of literary examples.
Nonetheless, it must be clear that I am reluctant to impose a single,
homogenizing interpretation onto Canada’s complex and varied relationships
with nonhuman animals. Thus, I assert that my characterization of Canadian
literary animals works
in opposition to theories that are based on an imagined
‘Canadian psyche’ (such as Margaret Atwood’s in
Survival
) and resists any
attempt to subsume First Nations, Inuit, Métis, Francophone-Canadian, and
Anglophone-Canadian cultures into one unifying perspective.
The subsequent two chapters address the re-contextualization and re-
evaluation of the wild animal story and Nature Fakers controversy. The former,
“Practical Zoocriticism: Contextualizing the Wild Animal Story,” begins with a
review of previous work on the topic in order to demonstrate the need for my
investigation. I argue that anthropocentric interpretations have often attempted
to sever the wild animal story’s connections to science and advocacy as part of
analyses which undermine the nonhuman presence. By discussing the ways in
which the genre’s poor definition has
exacerbated these issues, I establish the
necessity for a coherent set of characteristics. Then, I propose a more cohesive
definition of the genre, situated within an explanation of its origins. After which, I
use the practical zoocriticism model to contextualize the wild animal
story and
Nature Fakers controversy. For the sake of clarity, I divide this part of the
chapter
into thr
ee sections, titled ‘Literature,’ ‘Advocacy,’ and ‘Science,’ each of
which provides an overview and discussion of the relevant contexts.
In “Wild Animals and Nature Fakers,” I use the groundwork laid in the
previous chapter to provide my interpretations of the wild animal story and
Nature Fakers controversy. Thus, the chapter is divided into two sections. In the
Allmark-Kent 30
first, I use the practical zoocriticism framework to discuss Seton
’s and Roberts’
stories and highlight the impact of each contextual factor (‘literature,’ ‘advocacy,’
and ‘science’) on different characteristics of the genre. Rather than a separate
analysis of each story, I take a holistic approach across the genre using Seton’s
collections
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