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2023-yil 7-son
Tilshunoslik
Contextual
(they are also incomplete or quasi-antonyms).
They do not reach the limit in their difference. These
words are antonyms in a particular case, in a particular context. The opposition is only conditional. The reason may
be that the word has many meanings or it is the author’s idea. Examples: magnificent – poor (luxurious is used in
the meaning of rich; full antonyms: rich – poor); one is a lot (after all, the complete antonym for the word
a lot
is
a
little
); great – small (full antonyms: big – small); adore – hate (love – hate).
Single-root
.
Such words are antonyms, which have the same root and to which a prefix is added. This prefix
gives the word an antonymous meaning. Examples: come – leave; fasten – unfasten; military – anti-war; human –
anti-human; revolution – counter-revolution.
Hetero-root.
These antonyms have different roots. An antonymous meaning is formed when objects, actions or
their features/properties are contrasted.
Examples: early – late; love – hate; yes – no; left – right.
Proportionate in action.
These are antonyms that are extremely opposite in meaning. There are no other
concepts between them. They not only negate each other, but also carry some content, action. Examples: light –
heavy; strike – counterattack; disassemble – collect.
Disproportionate in action.
Their significance is not extreme. The second word from the antonymic pair does
not carry any action or content. It only denies the action/content of the first word. Examples: think – think; young
– middle-aged.
Depending on how the ideas they express relate to each other, antonyms are either contradictory or contrary.
Contradictory antonyms form a pair of opposites that cannot be combined, like “dead” and “alive”, “single” and
“married”, “perfect” and “imperfect”, etc. When two words have the same meaning but different spellings, they are
called antonyms. Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of each other. They are the extremes of this steady
opposition. For example, cold becomes cool, then warm, then hot. Linguistic (usual) – antonyms that exist in the
language system (rich – poor; loud – quiet; day – night).
Contextual (speech) are words that enter into antonymous relations only in a certain context:
Sing better with
a goldfinch than with a nightingale
. Some words can enter into antonymic relations only in a certain context, not
being linguistic antonyms, not being recognized as words with the opposite meaning outside this context.
Such antonyms are called contextual, for example:
And we hate and we love by chance, / Without sacrificing
anything to either anger or love. / And some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul, / When the fire boils in the blood.
The underlined words outside the given context are not antonyms: the word
love
has the antonym
hate
, the word
heat
has the antonym
cold
; the words
hate
and
love
from the first cited line are linguistic antonyms. The writer
can identify opposite qualities in various concepts and, on this basis, contrast them in speech, for example:
not
a mother, but a daughter; sunlight – moonlight; one year is the whole life.
However, the words that name such
concepts are not antonyms, since their opposition is not reproduced in the language, it is occasional.
The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic
speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.
The picture of the world in the implementation of the concept of “age” has a pronounced anthropocentric and
axiological character. The starting point here is the child himself. Three worlds are constantly present in his picture
of the world: the world of childhood, the world of adults and the world of the elderly. The child positively evaluates
the world of children and the world of adults. The world of the elderly has an ambivalent character: on the one
hand, the child has a negative attitude towards him, since this period is the final one on the life path of a person;
on the other hand, it is the world of the grandparents of the younger student, whom he loves, respects and feels
the need to help them.
From the above semantic analysis, we can see that antonyms are not just words that mean the opposite of each
other, but that they are also linked to each other in some way. That is, they are similar in many ways but different in
only one way. To be more exact, opposite words that are antonyms in English must belong to the same semantic
field and have a relationship that can be graded. Complementary antonyms split the same semantic field into two
parts that go well with each other. They are co-hyponyms under the same superordinate and have many of the
same semantic features and only one opposite semantic feature.
Converse antonyms have an interdependence of meaning, such that one member of the pair presupposes the
other member
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