Hurwicz’s Optimism – Pessimism Criterion
The most well-known criterion is the Hurwicz criterion, suggested by Leonid Hurwicz in 1951, which
selects the minimum and the maximum payoff to each given action x. The Hurwicz criterion attempts
to find a middle ground between the extremes posed by the optimist and pessimist criteria. Instead of
assuming total optimism or pessimism, Hurwicz incorporates a measure of both by assigning a certain
percentage weight to optimism and the balance to pessimism. However, this approach attempts to
strike a balance between the maximax and maximin criteria. It suggests that the minimum and
maximum of each strategy should be averaged using a and 1 - a as weights. a represents the index of
pessimism and the alternative with the highest average selected. The index a reflects the decision
maker’s attitude towards risk taking. A cautious decision maker will set a = 1 which reduces the
Hurwicz criterion to the maximin criterion. An adventurous decision maker will set a = 0 which
reduces the Hurwicz criterion to the maximax criterion.
The Hurwicz criterion attempts to find a middle ground between the extremes posed by the optimist
and pessimist criteria. Instead of assuming total optimism or pessimism, Hurwicz incorporates a
measure of both by assigning a certain percentage weight to optimism and the balance to pessimism.
A weighted average can be computed for every action alternative with an alpha-weight α, called the
coefficient of realism. "Realism" here means that the unbridled optimism of Maximax is replaced by
an attenuated optimism as denoted by the α. Note that 0 ≤ α ≤ 1. Thus, a better name for the coefficient
of realism is coefficient of optimism. An α = 1 denotes absolute optimism (Maximax) while an α = 0
indicates absolute pessimism (Maximin). The α is selected subjectively by the decision maker.
Selecting a value for α simultaneously produces a coefficient of pessimism 1 - α , which reflects the
decision maker's aversion to risk. A Hurwicz weighted average H can now be computed for every
action alternative A
i
in A as follows:
H (A
i
) = α (row maximum) + ( 1 - α ) (row minimum) - for positive-flow payoffs (profits, revenues)
H (A
i
) = α (row minimum) + ( 1 - α ) (row maximum) - for negative-flow payoffs (costs, losses)
Hurwicz decision rule is followed:
1. Select a coefficient of optimism value α .
2. For every action alternative compute its Hurwicz weighted average H.
3. Choose the action alternative with the best H as the chosen decision ("Best" means Max {H} for
positive-flow payoffs, and Min {H} for negative-flow payoffs).
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