Unit-iv unit-iv environmental Hygiene



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Atmospheric-pollution

Effects of pollutants

  • In humans (atmospheric pollution due to metallic & gaseous substances is manifested by
    • Bronchitis, pulmonary asthma & inflammation of upper respiratory tract
  • Nitrogen oxide: Pulmonary oedema & congestion
  • Sulphur oxide: Injury to mucosa
  • Ozone: Effects similar to ionizing radiation
  • Carbon monoxide: Depriciation of blood oxygen level following its combination with haemoglobin)
  • Particulate matter have been described in detail by many workers

Pollution within animal houses

  • The quality of environment within animal houses: on the health of animals & their productivity
  • High densities of animals: not well ventilated lead to accumulation of excessive moisture and carbon dioxide
  • Atmospheric oxygen level to 10-12% may not prove fatal to animals,
  • An increase of atmospheric Carbon dioxide level to 6.0% may lead to asphyxia
  • A concentration of Carbon dioxide 30% for some hours could result in death
  • In horses Carbon dioxide concentration of 3-5% may cause rapid breathing
  • A combination of high moisture & carbon dioxide makes animals uncomfortable & leads to a reduction in production
  • Major gases: include ammonia, hydrogen sulphide & methane besides carbon dioxide
    • Ammonia: irritating gas that is frequently found in the dirty farm houses
    • Concentration between 0.04% and 0.5% of the gas causes much irritation of mucous membranes, asphyxia and death.
    • Hydrogen sulphide (0.01 - 0.14%): irritation of eyes, throat & nose, & lung oedema
    • Excessive amounts of methane may prove explosive
    • Turbulence activity may also lead to production of harmful particulate pollutants

Microbial pollution of air

  • A variety of microbes are carried by air
  • Meteorological conditions (temperature, humidity, solar radiation)
  • Amount of particulate & gaseous pollutants contribute immensely to the variation in the load and type of microbes
  • Most of the atmospheric microflora emanates from the soil or due to stirring action induced by animal/human activity within the animal houses
  • The microbes are adsorbed on the dust particles
  • Carried over long distances under favorable weather conditions (high wind velocity) especially during outbreaks of diseases
  • A large numbers of organisms (many of them pathogens) can be transmitted through air in an area
  • Animals suffering from respiratory diseases discharge the microorganisms during sneezing & coughing

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