Figure 1. Water use by sector in Uzbekistan, 2006
RURAL W
ATER SUPL
Y
INDUSTR
Y
OTHER
MUNICIP
AL
IRRIGA
TION
0
2
2
4
92
Source: Asian Development Bank, 2007
Current estimates indicate that 6 million people (or 22% of the total
population) are exposed to significant water pollution, and the poor are
disproportionately affected. ADB estimates that 30% of the population
in rural areas and 70% of the population in urban areas have access to
water. Drinking water delivery systems face long cross-country trans-
mission, and there are high distribution losses. There are significant fi-
nancial constraints to treating wastewater adequately. Deterioration of
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Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) issues in Uzbekistan
the quality of drinking water due to groundwater pollution is another
closely-related problem (UNDP, 2007). Thus, the single most pervasive
environmental challenge for Uzbekistan is to establish sustainable pat-
terns of land and water use.
Uzbekistan’s irrigated land area increased from 2.5 million ha to 4.22
million between 1960 and the mid-1980s. Raw cotton production in-
creased from an average of 2.95 to 5.37 million tons annually during
this period (UNDP, 2007). The irrigation system supporting agricultural
output was 80-85 % efficient. However, the productivity of arable land
declined due to environmental impacts, while water scarcity limited the
expansion of irrigated areas in the mid-1980s (UNDP, 2007).
Generally, 50% of the irrigated area is currently affected by salinization,
while 19% is threatened by water erosion. Salinization reduces cotton
yields by 20-30% on slightly salinized land, by 40-60% on moderately sali-
nized land, and by 80% or more on heavily salinized land. Agriculture faces
declining productivity, as high water tables, inappropriate irrigation and
under-maintained drainage systems increase salinization and water logging,
and erode the fertility of arable land. This reduction in the resource base
is estimated to cost about $1 billion annually in foregone economic out-
put. However, even accepting the most pessimistic assumptions (including
consideration of environmental externalities), 88% of the irrigated area is
considered profitable, with only 12% of irrigated land producing at a loss.
Analysis indicates that rehabilitating irrigation and drainage (I&D) systems
is less expensive than cash transfers equivalent to the value of the lost in-
come from irrigation and the social disruptions that would derive from a
decision not to invest in these systems (World Bank, 2003).
Currently, 32% of the inter-farm and main canals require reconstruc-
tion and 23.5% are in need of repair. More than 42% of the on-farm
irrigation network requires reconstruction. The majority of the nation’s
1,130 pumping stations that supply water to 2.1 million ha have ex-
ceeded their design life. Additionally, 11 of the nation’s 27 reservoirs are
in need of de-silting, with silt almost reaching the outflow level of 5 res-
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ervoirs. Water losses from distribution systems are estimated at 12.9 km
3
per year. The World Bank estimates that a total of $23 billion would be
needed to cover all these costs (UNDP, 2007).
The State budget currently finances only 20% of the level of in-
vestment that was in place prior to independence. During the period
1995-2004, Government expenditure on the water sector declined from
22.6% to 7.5% of the GDP
3
. While land productivity also declined by
23%, the cost of agricultural input increased significantly. The opera-
tion and maintenance costs of the nation’s irrigation system more than
tripled during the period 1999-2004
4
. The cost of electricity more than
doubled. Currently, the agricultural sector consumes 20% of the nation’s
electricity, with electricity costs currently comprising 70% of the Minis-
try of Agriculture and Water Resources (MAWR) budget.
There are an estimated 4,235 water consumers/users nationally, in-
cluding 2,733 agricultural associations and 1,496 non-agricultural users
(UNEP, 2006). The average coverage area of water user associations is
2,500 ha of farmland. Some 73% of Uzbekistan’s Water Users Associa-
tion (WUA) are made up of private farms and 27% of dekhan farms.
The average plot size per WUA member is 21.6 ha. The equipment
owned by the associations is quite limited
5
.
Domestic water supply and wastewater facilities also suffer from a lack
of funding for upgrades, operation and maintenance on a scale compara-
ble to that of irrigation systems. Only 65% of the rural population have
an adequate water supply, though there are current plans to increase this
to 90% by 2010.
3. Source: Report on the Study of Efficiency of Budget Expenditures for Financing of Water
Organizations, and MAWR’s and Ministry of Macroeconomics and Statistics Data.
4. Source: Report on the Study of Efficiency of Budget Expenditures for Financing of Water
Organizations, and MAWR’s and Ministry of Macroeconomics and Statistics Data.
5. Overview of Current Legislation and Normative Base on Water and Land Resources Ma-
nagement in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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