1
9 July 2007
What’s in a Name?
Classification of Proper Names by Language
Loulou Edelman
[
0. Abstract and objective in Dutch
In een winkelstraat zijn allerlei teksten te zien: op winkelborden, billboards, borden
van overheidsgebouwen, verkeersborden, straatnaambordjes, in graffiti.
Die teksten
vormen samen het taallandschap of
linguistic landscape.
In veel kwantitatief
onderzoek naar het taallandschap worden borden gecodeerd op de talen die erop
voorkomen. De taal waarin een woord geschreven is, ligt
echter niet altijd voor de
hand, bijvoorbeeld in het geval van eigennamen, zoals merknamen en namen van
winkels.
De naam Yves Rocher bijvoorbeeld, kan worden gezien als Frans, of als
mogelijk onderdeel van elke taal. De methodologische
vraag die in dit paper
besproken wordt, is hoe eigennamen ingedeeld zouden moeten worden naar taal.
Het paper is ingediend voor:
E. Shohamy en D. Gorter (red.) Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery. London
en New York: Routledge.
De definitieve versie moet af zijn op 15 oktober 2007, dus tot die tijd kan commentaar
worden verwerkt.]
1. Introduction
Towards the end of the 19th century the use of advertisements in industrialized
countries dramatically increased due to mass production,
growing consumer
purchasing power and new printing techniques. In the same century brand names had
become a feature of the advertisement. Names such as
Coca Cola,
Ford,
Kellogg and
Kodak got a boost in the 1920s (Crystal, 2004).
Today advertising is becoming increasingly multilingual as a result of
globalisation, with a preponderance of English. Advertisements generally contain one
or more of the following elements: headline,
illustration, body copy (main text),
slogan, product name, and standing details (e.g., address of the firm). The product
name is the element that is most frequently in a foreign language (Piller, 2003). This
may also hold for signs in the public space.
Typically, in linguistic landscape research multilingual situations are analysed
on the basis of the languages used on signs. In many
quantitative studies of the
linguistic landscape, signs are coded according to the languages that appear on them
in order to establish the distribution of languages (e.g. Backhaus, 2006; Barni, 2006;
Ben-Rafael et al., 2006; Cenoz and Gorter, 2006; El-Yasin and Mahadin, 1996;
Huebner, 2006; Schlick, 2003). This means that the researcher has to determine for all
of the linguistic elements occurring on the signs in which language(s) they are written.
In
other words, all of the elements have to be classified by language. Signs often
contain proper names, the coding of which is not always straightforward. The present
chapter deals with this methodological problem. The central question is: How should
proper names be classified by language?