2
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................5
Advantages & Disadvantages ...................................................................................6
1. Writing about advantages........................................................................................6
2. Writing about disadvantages ...................................................................................7
Agreeing .....................................................................................................................9
1. To agree with someone or something......................................................................9
2. To partly agree with someone or something ..........................................................10
3. When a group of people agree ..............................................................................10
Aim or Purpose.........................................................................................................12
1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of something is.......................................12
2. Words meaning aim or purpose.............................................................................13
Approximate / Exact.................................................................................................15
1. Words meaning approximately ..............................................................................15
2. Words meaning exactly .........................................................................................16
Causes ......................................................................................................................18
1. To cause something to happen..............................................................................18
2. Ways of saying that something is caused by another thing....................................20
3. To be one of the things that cause something to happen.......................................20
Certainty & Uncertainty............................................................................................23
1. Ways of saying that you are certain about something............................................23
2. Ways of saying that you are not certain about something ......................................24
Comparing & Contrasting ........................................................................................26
1. What you say when comparing things or people....................................................26
2. To compare things or people .................................................................................27
Concluding ...............................................................................................................29
1. What you say when concluding your essay or argument .......................................29
2. Saying again what your aims were at the conclusion of an essay..........................30
Decreasing................................................................................................................31
1. To decrease ..........................................................................................................31
2. To make something decrease ...............................................................................32
3. A decrease ............................................................................................................34
4. When something stops decreasing........................................................................35
Disagreeing...............................................................................................................36
1. To disagree with someone or with an opinion ........................................................36
2. When people disagree about something................................................................37
3. Causing disagreement...........................................................................................37
T
T
a
a
b
b
l
l
e
e
o
o
f
f
C
C
o
o
n
n
t
t
e
e
n
n
t
t
s
s
3
Effects .......................................................................................................................39
1. Words meaning effect............................................................................................39
2. To affect something or someone ...........................................................................40
Emphasizing .............................................................................................................42
1. What you say when emphasizing that something is important ...............................42
2. Ways of emphasizing one person or thing more than others .................................43
3. To emphasize something.......................................................................................44
Explaining .................................................................................................................45
1. What you say when you are explaining something ................................................45
2. Words meaning to explain something ....................................................................46
Giving Example ........................................................................................................48
1. What you say when giving an example..................................................................48
2. What you say when there are a lot of other examples of something ......................49
3. To give something or someone as an example......................................................50
Giving Exceptions ....................................................................................................51
1. Ways of saying that something or someone is an exception..................................51
2. Someone or something that is not included ...........................................................52
Giving Opinions........................................................................................................53
1. What you say when giving your opinion about something......................................53
2. Ways of saying what another person’s opinion is ..................................................54
3. To say what your opinion is about something ........................................................55
Giving Reasons ........................................................................................................56
1. What you say when giving reasons for something .................................................56
2. Words meaning reason .........................................................................................57
3. A reason that does not seem believable ................................................................59
Increasing .................................................................................................................60
1. To increase............................................................................................................60
2. To make something increase.................................................................................61
3. An increase ...........................................................................................................63
4. When something does not increase, or stops increasing .......................................65
Linking Parts Of A Sentence ...................................................................................66
1. Words meaning 'and' or 'also' ................................................................................66
2. Words meaning 'because'......................................................................................67
3. Words meaning 'but' or 'although' ..........................................................................69
4. Words meaning 'if' .................................................................................................71
5. Words meaning 'in order to' ...................................................................................72
6. Words meaning 'or'................................................................................................73
7. Words meaning 'therefore'.....................................................................................74
Listing & Ordering....................................................................................................77
1. What you say when ordering a group of things that you want to mention...............77
2. Ways of introducing a list of reasons, causes, points etc .......................................79
4
Making Generalizations ...........................................................................................81
1 .Ways of saying that something is true about most people or things.......................81
2. To say that something is true about most people or things ....................................83
Problems & Solutions ..............................................................................................84
1. Problems ...............................................................................................................84
2. Small problems......................................................................................................86
3. Solutions ...............................................................................................................87
Quoting People.........................................................................................................90
Ways of quoting what someone has said...................................................................90
Reffering ...................................................................................................................92
1. Referring to an earlier part of an essay, report etc .................................................92
2. Referring to a later part of an essay, report etc......................................................93
3. Referring to another piece of work.........................................................................94
Related / Unrelated...................................................................................................97
1. Ways of saying that two things are related ............................................................97
2. Related to what is being discussed........................................................................99
3. Not related.............................................................................................................99
4. Not related to what you are discussing ................................................................100
Showing & Proving ................................................................................................102
1. To show that something is true............................................................................102
2. To show that something is likely ..........................................................................104
3. To show that something is untrue ........................................................................105
Study & Research...................................................................................................106
1. To study something in order to try to find out more about it .................................106
2. The work of studying something ..........................................................................107
3. A piece of writing by someone who is studying a subject.....................................109
4. The results of someone's research......................................................................110
Subjects & Topics ..................................................................................................111
1. Ways of saying what the subject of something is.................................................111
2. Words meaning subject .......................................................................................112
5
Introduction
The
Essay Activator has been created to help you improve your written English. By
varying the range of vocabulary and expressions that you use, your essays will become
richer and your grades will improve.
You can see from the menu on the left-hand side of your screen that there are 28
Essay
Activators. Each of these contains all the important words and phrases that can be
used to perform a particular function in your essay, for example showing that you agree
with an idea (
Agreeing); explaining how something has increased (Increasing) or
saying what other people think (
Quoting People). The language covered by the Essay
Activator is not related to any particular subject area. For subject-related vocabulary you
should look at the
Topic Activator.
Each
Essay Activator is divided into sections. Look, for example, at the Essay
Activator on Giving Examples. This is divided into 3 sections: what you say when
giving an example; what you say when there are a lot of other examples of something; to
give someone or something as an example. If you want to give some examples in your
essay, look at Section 1 and you will find a variety of words and phrases to avoid
repeating for example every time:
for instance, be a case in point, by way of
illustration etc. If there are a lot of examples you could mention, look at Section 2 for
ways of dealing with this:
such as, including, to name but a few etc.
Each word or phrase is followed by an explanation of the meaning and/or use and is
illustrated with example sentences. These examples can be used as models for you to
produce your own natural-sounding sentences.
In each of the
Essay Activators you will also find Study Notes about grammar and
formality. For example, in Section 2 of
Giving Examples there is a Study Note at such
as to explain that there is not usually a comma before this phrase, whereas there is
usually one before
for example and including.
Look at the
Exercises section of the Writing Handbook for activities which will help you
to practise using the vocabulary included in the
Essay Activators.
I
I
n
n
t
t
r
r
o
o
d
d
u
u
c
c
t
t
i
i
o
o
n
n
6
Advantages & Disadvantages
1. Writing about advantages
2. Writing about disadvantages
1. Writing about advantages
advantage
noun
[countable] a good feature that something has, which makes it better,
more useful etc than other things:
• The
great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process.
•
The advantage of using a specialist firm is that the people who work there have years
of experience.
•
One of the big advantages of this type of engine is that it is smaller and lighter than a
conventional petrol engine.
• The university
has the advantage of being one of the oldest and best respected in the
country.
• The movement of the sea is predictable. This
gives wave power a distinct advantage
over (=an obvious advantage compared to) wind power.
• Despite a few problems with the design, the car's
advantages clearly outweigh its
disadvantages. (=the problems are not enough to stop it being a good car)
benefit
noun
[countable] a feature of something that has a good effect on people's
lives:
• Regular exercise has many
benefits, including reducing the risk of heart disease.
• Modern technology has
brought great benefits to mankind.
• There has been a great deal of research into the
potential benefits of using
genetically modified crops.
merit
noun
[countable] a good feature that something has, which you consider when
you are deciding whether it is the best choice:
• The committee will consider
the merits of the proposals.
• In her book, she discusses the
relative merits of the two political systems. (=she
compares the features that they have)
•
The merits and demerits of (=the good and bad features of) alternative funding
systems were widely discussed in the newspapers.
• The chairman
saw no great merit in this suggestion. (=he did not think that it was a
good idea)
A
A
d
d
v
v
a
a
n
n
t
t
a
a
g
g
e
e
s
s
&
&
D
D
i
i
s
s
a
a
d
d
v
v
a
a
n
n
t
t
a
a
g
g
e
e
s
s
7
good point
noun
[countable] a good feature that something has:
• One of the
good points about the car is that it is easy to drive.
• Each system has its
good and bad points.
plus point
noun
[countable] a good feature that something has:
• The small but powerful battery is another of the camera's many
plus points.
• The estate agent's leaflet said
a major plus point was the recently modernized
kitchen.
the good / great / best thing about
used when mentioning a good feature of
something:
•
The great thing about living in a city is that you can go shopping at almost any hour
of the day or night.
• Her wicked sense of humour was
the best thing about her.
•
The good thing about cycling is that you don't have to worry about getting stuck in a
traffic jam.
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
the good/great/best thing about is rather informal. Don't use it in formal essays.
the beauty of something is that
used when you want to emphasize that something has
a very good or useful feature:
•
The beauty of the design is that it is so simple.
2. Writing about disadvantages
disadvantage
noun
[countable] a bad feature that something has, which makes it
less good, less useful etc than other things:
• The
main disadvantage of this book is its price.
• These vaccines have two
serious disadvantages. Firstly, they are not 100% effective,
and secondly, they are expensive to make.
•
A major disadvantage of using large quantities of chemicals is that they quickly get
absorbed into soil.
drawback
noun
[countable] a disadvantage which makes you think that something is
not so good, even though it has other advantages:
• The
major drawback of this method is that it can be very time-consuming.
• Aluminium is very light and also very strong. Its
main drawback is that it cools down
very rapidly.
• Summer in the Scottish islands can be beautiful.
The only drawback is the weather,
which can be very changeable.
8
downside
noun
[singular] the disadvantage of a situation that in most other ways
seems good or enjoyable:
•
The downside of running your own business is that you are responsible if anything
goes wrong.
• Everyone wants to be rich and famous, but it does have its
downside.
• Most comfort eaters enjoy what they eat, but the
downside is that they soon start to
put on weight.
bad point
noun
[countable] a bad feature that something has:
• There are good points and
bad points about single sex schools.
• For all its
bad points, and there are many, it is still the best software system of its kind
available.
9
Agreeing
*opposite
Disagreeing
1. To agree with someone or something
2. To partly agree with someone or something
3. When a group of people agree
1. To agree with someone or something
agree
verb
[intransitive and transitive] to have the same opinion as someone, or to
think that a statement is correct:
• Many people
agreed with his views about the war.
• I
completely agree with Chomsky when he says that humans are born with a special
ability to learn language.
• Most experts
agree that dieting needs to be accompanied by regular exercise.
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
Don’t say ‘agree someone's opinion' or ‘agree to someone's opinion'. Say
agree with
someone's opinion.
share somebody's view / concern / fear etc
to have the same opinion,
concern, fear etc as someone else:
• I
share her concerns about the lack of women in high academic positions.
• A lot of people
share his view that tourism will have a negative impact on the island.
• This
fear was shared by union leaders, who saw the new law as an attack on their
rights.
subscribe to a view / theory etc
to agree with an opinion or idea:
• There are a number of scientists who
subscribe to the view that there is a God who
controls the workings of the universe.
• Some people think that there are cases where torture is justified. I, for one, do not
subscribe to this theory.
be of the same opinion
if people
are of the same opinion, they agree with each
other:
• All three specialists were
of the same opinion about the cause of her illness.
• Professor Dawkins
is of the same opinion as Dr Jones.
A
A
g
g
r
r
e
e
e
e
i
i
n
n
g
g
10
concur
verb
[intransitive and transitive] a formal word meaning to agree:
• The committee
concurred with this view.
• Most modern historians would
readily concur that (=agree without any hesitation) this
was an event of huge importance.
• As most biblical scholars
concur, the letter could not have been written by any
contemporary of Jesus.
somebody is right / somebody makes a valid point
used when you agree
with what someone says:
• Darwin was
right when he argued that humans and higher mammals are closely
related.
• Cox
makes a valid point when he questions our ability to remain objective.
2. To partly agree with someone or something
agree up to a point
to partly agree with someone or something:
• Although I
agree with him up to a point, I find it hard to believe that this is true in
every case.
broadly agree
to agree with most parts of something:
• The conference delegates
broadly agreed with the proposals.
there is some truth in
used when saying that you think that something is partly true
or right:
•
There is some truth in the argument that there is a link between violence on our
streets and violence on our TV screens.
•
There is some truth in all of these theories, but none of them can fully explain the
causes of unemployment.
3. When a group of people agree
agreement
noun
[uncountable] if there is
agreement on something, people agree
about it:
• Today
there is general agreement that pollution from cars and planes is threatening
the future of our planet.
•
There is widespread agreement on the need for prison reform. (=most people agree
about it)
• Geologists
are mostly in agreement about how the islands were formed. (=most of
them agree about it)
11
• The two sides were unable to
reach agreement. (=they could not agree with each
other)
consensus
noun
[singular,uncountable] agreement between most of the people in a
group about something, especially with the result that they decide on a particular course
of action:
• There is now a
general consensus among scientists on the causes of global
warming.
• There was a
growing consensus that the military government had to be replaced.
common ground
noun
[singular, uncountable] things that people agree about,
especially when there are other things that they disagree about:
•
There are many areas of common ground between the two philosophers.
• Despite their differing backgrounds, they
found common ground in their interest in
science.
unanimous
adjective
if a group of people are
unanimous on something, they all have
the same opinion about it:
• Medical experts are
unanimous on this issue.
• They were
unanimous in their opposition to the plan.
• a
unanimous decision by the three judges
widely held view / belief etc
an opinion, belief etc that many people have:
• There is a
widely held view among business experts that selling off a business to a
management team is not in the best interests of the company's shareholders.
• There is a
widely held belief that advanced western societies are becoming more and
more criminalized.
widely / generally accepted
if something is
widely or generally accepted, it is
thought to be true by most people:
•
It is now widely accepted that the universe began with the so-called 'big bang'.
•
It is generally accepted that electricity generated from nuclear power is more
expensive than other forms of electricity.
12
Aim or Purpose
1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of something is
2. Words meaning aim or purpose
1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of something is
aim to do something
to try to achieve something:
• This paper
aims to show how science and technology have influenced the work of
artists.
• The research
aims to answer two questions. First, what causes the disease? Second,
is it possible to find a cure?
• In this study,
we aimed to record the number of birds who returned to the same
woodland for a second summer.
set out to do something
to try to achieve something. You use
set out to do
something especially when talking about someone's original aims when they start to do
something:
• The organization never achieved what it
set out to do.
• The first chapter
sets out to explain the origins of modern science.
• The authors
set out to show how men's and women's language are different from each
other.
in order to
so that someone can do something, or so that something can happen:
• Tests were carried out in
order to find out if the drug had any side effects.
be intended to do something
if something is
intended to do something, it is
done for that purpose:
• The course is intended to provide a basic introduction to molecular biology.
• The dams were intended to control the flooding which affects the river in winter.
be supposed to do something / be meant to do something
to be intended
to have a particular result or effect. You use these phrases especially when something
actually fails to achieve what was originally planned:
• The film
is supposed to be a serious drama.
• The scheme
was meant to improve the city's image.
A
A
i
i
m
m
o
o
r
r
P
P
u
u
r
r
p
p
o
o
s
s
e
e
13
2. Words meaning aim or purpose
aim
noun
[countable] what you want to achieve when you do something:
• The
main aims of the project are as follows.
•
The main aim of the study is to investigate the way in which young people deal with
the stress of exams.
• The bank
achieved its aim of attracting 50,000 customers by the end of the year.
• One of
the aims of this chapter is to explain Freud's theory of the mind.
•
My aim in this article is to examine ways in which the present system could be
improved.
• A cure for cancer is our
ultimate aim. (=the most important aim, which you hope one
day to achieve)
purpose
noun
[countable] the reason why you do something, and the thing that you
want to achieve when you do it:
• He did not tell them about the
purpose of his visit.
• The
main purpose of education is to help people to lead satisfying and productive
lives.
• The
main purpose of the changes is to reduce costs and improve the service to
customers.
• The United Nations was established
for the purpose of protecting basic human rights.
• The information will be used
for research purposes.
• Many plants from the rainforest are used
for medical purposes.
objective
noun
[countable] the thing that someone is trying to achieve, especially in
business or politics:
• The policy has three
main objectives: firstly, to increase food production; secondly, to
improve the distribution of food; and finally, to improve the diet of ordinary people.
• The
principal objective of any company is to make money for its shareholders.
• The government is unlikely to
achieve its long-term objective of cutting CO2
emissions.
goal
noun
[countable] something that a person or organization hopes to achieve in the
future, even though this may take a long time:
• It took Mandela over forty years to
achieve his goal of a democratic South Africa.
• The company's
long-term goal is to be the market leader in this type of technology.
• World leaders have
set themselves the goal of getting rid of child poverty.
target
noun
[countable] the exact result, often a number or an amount of something,
that a person or organization intends to achieve:
• The University is expected to
reach its target of 5000 students next September.
(=achieve its target)
14
• They failed to
meet their target of having a computer in every classroom.
• He
set himself the target of raising over $1 million for cancer research.
intention
noun
[uncountable and countable] something that you intend to do:
• Their
intention was to sail on February 10th, but bad weather made this impossible.
• She went to Hollywood
with the intention of starting a career in movies. (=that was
the reason she went there)
• Rafsanjani said that Iran
had no intention of developing nuclear weapons. (=they
definitely did not intend to do this)
• The reader can never be 100% sure of the writer's
original intentions.
•
It was never their intention to encourage people to break the law.
•
It is not my intention here to give a detailed account of all the events that led up to
the war.
mission
noun
[countable] something that a person or organization hopes to achieve,
which they consider to be very important and forms the basis of their activities:
• The agency's
mission is to provide medical and psychological help to victims of the
war.
• Our
mission is to educate people about the disease.
• The students
are on a mission to record and preserve the history of their area. (=they
are trying hard to do something, because they feel it is very important)
the point
noun
[singular] the purpose of doing something and the reason why it is right
or necessary:
•
The point of the experiment is to show how different metals react with oxygen.
• People sometimes find it difficult to
see the point of studying subjects such as Latin at
school. (=they find it difficult to understand why it is necessary)
• He felt that his critics were completely
missing the point. (=they failed to understand
the most important purpose or reason for something)
ends
noun
[plural] the result that someone is trying to achieve, when this is bad or
dishonest:
• Several politicians were accused of trying to exploit the situation
for their own ends.
(=use it in order to get advantages for themselves)
• The terrorists will do almost anything to
achieve their ends.
15
Approximate / Exact
1. Words meaning approximately
2. Words meaning exactly
1. Words meaning approximately
approximately
adverb
used when saying that a number or amount is not exact, and it
may be a little more or a little less:
•
Approximately 30% of adults who have the disease will die from it.
• The last earthquake of this size occurred
approximately 60 years ago.
• In 1994, the U.S. Government paid farmers
approximately $10 billion in grants.
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
Approximately is more formal than about, and is usually used in more technical
contexts.
about
adverb
used when saying that a number or amount is not exact, and it may be a
little more or a little less:
• They arrived at
about 10 o'clock in the evening.
• It takes
about 2 hours from London to Leeds on the train.
• There were
about 50 people at the meeting.
roughly
adverb
approximately - used especially when you are trying to give someone
a general idea of the size, number, or amount of something:
• The two countries are
roughly the same size.
•
Roughly half of all Italy's gas is imported.
• The amount of caffeine in one can of cola
is roughly equivalent to four cups of coffee.
(=it contains about the same amount)
(somewhere / something) in the region of
approximately. Used with very large
numbers or amounts:
• A new stadium would cost
somewhere in the region of $100 million.
• The painting is worth
something in the region of £15,000.
circa
preposition
used before a year, usually one that is long time ago, to say that
something happened near that time, but perhaps not exactly in that year:
• The house dates from
circa 1600.
• The picture shows a building under construction,
circa 1848.
A
A
p
p
p
p
r
r
o
o
x
x
i
i
m
m
a
a
t
t
e
e
/
/
E
E
x
x
a
a
c
c
t
t
16
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
Circa is originally a Latin word, meaning 'about'.
The written abbreviation of
circa is
c
or
c.
, and this is often used instead of the full
form:
• He was born
c
1830.
• Heston, who died
c.
1357, was a noted academic.
or more
10 years / 20% / 100 kilos etc or more
used when the total may be a lot more,
and you want to emphasize that this is a large amount:
• It can take
6 months or more to get a visa.
• Olson weighed 250 pounds
or more.
2. Words meaning exactly
exactly
adverb
no more and no less than a particular number, amount, or time:
• They finished at
exactly 6pm.
• Every patient received
exactly the same amount of the drug.
•
Exactly 60 years ago, two scientists at the University of Birmingham demonstrated the
first device that used microwaves.
to be exact
used when you are giving a more exact figure or amount.
To be exact is
used at the end of the sentence:
• The rocks there are very old: more than 3 billion years old,
to be exact.
precisely
adverb
a word meaning exactly, used when you want to emphasize what
you are saying:
• The meeting began on time, at
precisely eight o'clock.
• He always left his office at 2 o'clock
precisely.
• No one knows
precisely how many people were killed or injured.
right
adverb
right in the middle of / next to / in front of etc
used when you are emphasizing
that something is in a particular position:
• The arrow was
right in the middle of the target.
• The two explosions happened
right next to each other.
directly
adverb
directly in front of / behind / under etc
exactly in a particular position:
17
• It was a small house,
directly behind the church.
• You need to sit
directly in front of the screen.
• A statue stood
directly below the stained-glass window.
18
Causes
*see also
Effects, Giving reasons, Linking parts of a sentence
1. To cause something to happen
2. Tays of saying that something is caused by another thing
3. To be one of the things that cause something to happen
4. Tomething that causes another thing to happen
1. To cause something to happen
make
verb
[transitive] to make something happen, or make someone do something:
• Plants need light and heat to
make them grow.
• He was good at
making people laugh.
• The government's economic policies
made it unpopular with voters.
• Inventions such as the washing machine have
made people's lives a lot easier.
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
Don't say 'make somebody/something to do something'. For example don't say 'What
makes young people to commit crime?' Say: What makes young people commit crime?
cause
verb
[transitive] to make something happen, or make someone do something:
• Smoking
causes cancer.
• The lack of rain is
causing problems for farmers.
• The crisis
caused oil prices to go up dramatically.
• At first, the news
caused people to panic.
STUDY NOTE: Grammar
Cause is often used about bad things, for example: High fat diets can cause heart
disease.
Cause is also often used in scientific and technical descriptions, when saying that
something has a particular effect, for example: The heat
causes the ink and powder to
mix together, and an image is formed.
Cause is more formal than make
lead to
verb
[intransitive] to start a process that later makes something happen:
• The research could
eventually lead to a cure for many serious illnesses.
• Over-fishing has
led to a collapse in the numbers of tuna and cod in the Atlantic.
• Cutting spending budgets will
inevitably lead to poorer quality public services.
C
C
a
a
u
u
s
s
e
e
s
s
19
result in
phrasal verb
to make something happen, especially something bad:
• Many household fires
result in death or serious injury.
• Low levels of vitamin D can
result in a softening of the bones.
• The trial
resulted in Oscar Wilde being sent to prison for 2 years.
create
verb
[transitive] to make a condition, situation, problem, or feeling start to exist:
• In the novel, McEwan
creates an atmosphere of menace.
• Science and technology often
create more problems than they solve.
• The coach' s job is to
create the conditions for success.
bring about
phrasal verb
to make something happen, especially a change or an
improved situation:
• The war
brought about enormous social change.
• So far, all attempts to
bring about peace have failed.
give rise to a
formal phrase, used when an event, action etc makes a feeling or
problem start to exist:
• Poor performance in exams can
give rise to depression and even thoughts of suicide.
• The announcement
gave rise to violent protest in the east of the country.
• Drinking unfiltered water can
give rise to health problems.
generate
verb
[transitive] to make a feeling start to exist and grow among a large
group of people, for example interest, support, or a demand for something:
• The trial
generated a lot of interest in the media.
• Japan's economic success
generated a huge demand for luxury goods.
be responsible for
to be the person or thing that makes something happen:
• The human rights panel concluded that the military
was responsible for killings,
torture and other abuses.
• These particles
are responsible for making new protein molecules.
set off
phrasal verb
to cause something to suddenly happen, especially fighting,
protests, or debates involving a lot of people:
• The killing of Martin Luther King
set off a wave of rioting across the USA.
• The programme
set off a national debate about children's school meals.
trigger
verb
[transitive] to make something suddenly start to happen, especially a bad
situation such as a crisis or a war, or a medical condition:
• The First World War was
triggered by a series of events, beginning with the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
20
• Certain foods can
trigger allergies.
• If oil prices keep rising, this could
trigger an economic crisis.
2. Ways of saying that something is caused by another thing
be caused by:
• Many illnesses
are caused by stress.
• Almost half of all accidents
are caused by speeding. (=driving too fast)
be the result of / result from
to happen because of something else that happened
or was done:
• He said the success of his company
was the result of hard work by all the staff.
• Greenhouse gases
are the direct result of pollution from cars and factories.
•
Meningitis results from an inflammation around the brain.
• These conditions
result from a combination of economic and social factors.
arise
from
verb
[intransitive] if a problem or a serious situation arises from something,
it starts to happen because of it:
• A number of problems
arose from the break-up of the former Soviet Union.
• People are now much more aware of the dangers
arising from asbestos dust.
stem from
phrasal verb
if something
stems from another thing, it develops from it
and there is a direct link with it, even though this link is not always immediately obvious:
• His emotional problems
stemmed from an unhappy childhood.
• The present difficulties
stem from the recession and the collapse of the housing
market.
3. To be one of the things that cause something to happen
play a part
if something
plays a part, it is one of several things that causes
something to happen:
• No one knows exactly what causes the disease. Genetic factors are thought to
play a
Dostları ilə paylaş: |