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The Abdominal Sepsis Study:
Epidemiology of Etiology and Outcome
An ESICM endorsed Trials Group Study
Study Protocol & Case Report Form
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Table of contents
1 Project title ................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Organizational information .................................................................................................... 3
3 Background ............................................................................................................................... 4
4 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Study design ....................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Ethics / IRB review ........................................................................................................... 7
5.3 ICU selection criteria ......................................................................................................... 7
5.4 Patient selection ................................................................................................................. 7
5.5 Inclusion criteria ................................................................................................................ 7
5.6 Start and duration of the study ....................................................................................... 7
5.7 Data collection .................................................................................................................... 8
5.8 Data recorded ..................................................................................................................... 8
5.9 Study power ....................................................................................................................... 8
5.10 Practical aspects ............................................................................................................... 9
5.11 Publication plan ............................................................................................................... 9
6 References ................................................................................................................................ 10
Appendix 1: Center Report Form ....................................................................................... 11
Appendix 2: Case Report Form .......................................................................................... 12
Appendix 3 - Codes list admission diagnosis (2.5.) ......................................................... 32
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1 Project title
Abdominal SepsiS (“AbSeS”) study: Epidemiology of Etiology and Outcome
2 Organizational information
Head investigators & coordinating center
Stijn BLOT
Dirk VOGELAERS
Dept. of Internal Medicine
Ghent University
De Pintelaan 185
9000 Ghent, Belgium
T: +32 9 332 6216
stijn.blot@UGent.be
Steering committee (scientific and strategic planning)
Massimo ANTONELLI, Rome (Italy)
Philippe BARIE, New York (USA)
Jan J. DE WAELE, Ghent (Belgium)
George DIMOPOULOS, Athens (Greece)
Christian ECKMANN, Hanover (Germany)
Jeffrey LIPMAN, Brisbane (Australia)
John MARSHALL, Toronto (Canada)
Philippe MONTRAVERS, Paris (France)
José A. PAIVA, Porto (Portugal)
Jordi RELLO, Barcelona (Spain)
Jean-Francois TIMSIT, Grenoble (France)
National representatives
The role of the national representatives (NC) can be summarized as follows:
(1) Advertise the study in the individual countries and identify participating
hospitals and local investigators in their country.
(2) Apply for regulatory approval in a national level where applicable and ensure
that ethical committee (EC) approvals or waivers for all the participating hospitals
in the country are in place prior to the initiation of the study. The NC will receive
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scanned copies of the EC approvals from all centers, will check them and report to
the Principal Investigator (PI). The checked by the NC scanned copies of the EC
approval will be sent altogether to the PI prior to the initiation of the study.
(3) Assist with the translation of the study protocol/CRF where required.
(4) Ensure good communication with the participating sites in the respective
country and to animate local investigators to achieve optimal recruitment and
follow up during the period of the study. During the period of database quality
control (data ‘cleaning’) the NC should animate the individual to reply in possible
queries.
(encourage multiple centers to collaborate and purchase ethics committee
approval at national level if relevant).
Local co-ordinators
Local co-ordinators in individual institutions will have the following responsibilities:
(1) Provide leadership for the project in their institution
(2) Ensure all relevant regulatory approvals are in place and communicated with
the coordinating center
(3) Ensure adequate data collection and act as guarantor for the integrity and
quality of the data
(4) Ensure timely completion of the e-CRFs
(5) Ensure collaboration to solve possible queries that may arise during the
database quality control process.
3 Background
Complicated intra-abdominal infection (IAI) is a frequent cause of sepsis and septic
shock in critically ill patients. According to a large point-prevalence study 51% of all
intensive care unit patients experience infection and of these, 19% concerns an intra-
abdominal infection [1]. Abdominal sepsis is a severe infectious complication associated
with considerable mortality ranging on average 30% to 60%, thereby carrying a higher
burden compared with sepsis originating from other sources [2,3]. Abdominal sepsis is a
particular clinical challenge as IAIs differ from other infections because of (i) the broad
spectrum in type of infection and disease severity (from uncomplicated appendicitis
cases to diffuse peritonitis caused by ischaemic bowel perforations)[4], (ii) the crucial role
of surgery in the management of IAI [5,6], and (iii) the broad variety of potential
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pathogenic organisms and the equivocal sense of per-operative culture results [7,8,9]. As
in other infections the on-going emergence of multidrug resistance might complicate
antimicrobial therapy, however, it is uncertain to which extent risk factors for multidrug
resistance in severe pneumonia – such as recent antibiotic exposure and length of
hospitalization – are valid for cases of IAI [10,11]. Despite the fact that IAIs are a frequent
cause of morbidity, large epidemiological series are scarce and generally limited to single
centre reports [12] or regional initiatives [13]. As such, the broader picture of the
epidemiology of IAI remains unexplored.
4 Objectives
The aim of the project is to perform a multinational, prospective, observational study on
IAIs in critically ill patients; special emphasis will be given to epidemiology and
outcomes.
More specific objectives of the study are:
• To investigate microbiology and/or drug resistance patterns related to:
o Geographical region
o Source of IAI
§
Upper GI tract perforation (stomach & duodenum)
§
Lower GI tract perforation (jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum)
§
Primary peritonitis
§
Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis
§
Intra-abdominal abscess
§
Pancreatic infection
§
Biliary tract infection
§
Typhlitis
§
Toxic megacolon
o Origin of IAI
§
community-acquired
§
early-onset healthcare-associated
§
late-onset healthcare-associated
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• To describe physician’s antimicrobial prescription patterns related to a classification
grid that stratifies IAIs according to disease expression, community or healthcare
origin, and anatomical disruption .
• To investigate outcomes (clinical response, need for surgical revision, length of
hospitalization, and mortality) related to:
o Classification of IAI (grid as described in reference
10
)
o Severity of acute illness at time of diagnosis (SOFA score) and clinical
response after 48-72 hrs. (Δ SOFA score)
o Processes of care
§
Time to 1
st
antimicrobial dose
§
Time to source control
§
Type of source control intervention (laparotomy, percutaneous
drainage, high volume peritoneal lavage, restoration of anatomy and
function)
§
Need for (unplanned) surgical revision (uncontrolled infection
source)
§
Frequency of microbiological sampling and delay of results
o Pathogens involved and empirical antimicrobial coverage; special emphasis
will be given, to coverage of multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci and Candida species.
o Duration of antimicrobial therapy
o Underlying conditions
5 Methods
5.1
Study design
Prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study
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5.2
Ethics / IRB review
As this is an observational study ethics or IRB approval may not be required in all
participating countries or sites. Centers will not be permitted to record data unless ethics
approval or an equivalent waiver is in place. Each individual site is responsible for
appropriate materials for ethics board or IRB review. The necessity of an informed
consent is left at the discretion of the local ethics committee.
5.3
ICU selection criteria
All ICUs caring for patients with intra-abdominal infections or peritonitis can apply for
participation in the AbSeS project considering the following requirements: (i) ICUs must
agree to collect unit and patient related data on site; (ii) ICUs agree to transfer the
collected data to the head investigators of the AbSeS project; (iii) ICUs must pursue and
obtain ethics committee approval.
5.4
Patient selection
All consecutive, adult ICU patients diagnosed with IAI (either as a primary diagnosis or
as a complication during the ICU course) during a 6 months period and with a maximum
of 15 cases per unit.
5.5
Inclusion criteria
• Adult (≥18 yrs. of age)
• ICU admission (the patient should either be admitted to the ICU because of
abdominal sepsis or should be admitted in the ICU for other reasons and
subsequently developed abdominal sepsis as a complication during the ICU
course)
• Informed consent (if required by local ethics committee)
5.6
Start and duration of the study
The study will start in January 2016 and will (most probably) last for 6-9 months
(depending on the inclusion rate). A maximum of 15 cases per ICU can be included.
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5.7
Data collection
Data will be recorded through the study website. At the time of registering for the study
the local investigator must fill out a Unit-based Questionnaire that explores main
characteristics of the unit. For each patient included, data will be recorded through an
electronic (web-based) Case Report Form (e-CRF). Patient data will be anonymous.
However, each patient is allocated a number, mentioned on the e-CRF. The attending
physician (and local principal investigator (PI)) will keep a decoding list linking the
patient number on the e-CRF with the name of the patient. The PI will keep this decoding
list until six months after inclusion stop. As such, the original patient files can be
consulted by the PI should any queries arise during the data-cleaning phase.
5.8
Data recorded
Data recorded in the e-CRF include demographics, assessment of severity of acute illness
and underlying disease, data on processes of care (timing of surgical intervention,
technique of source control, timing of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, sampling of
perioperative culture, …), empiric and targeted antibiotic therapy, organ support,
microbiological data (if available) from blood cultures, perioperative culture and
subsequent cultures, and outcomes (surgical revision, length of ICU stay and survival
status at discharge).
5.9
Study power
For a risk factor with 15% prevalence in the study cohort, a sample size of 1500 patients is
required (alpha=0.05; Beta>0.80) for an outcome difference of 10% (45% vs. 35%) to be
statistically significant.
According to EPIC2 study 10.1% of critically patients experience an abdominal infection
during their ICU stay. Assuming that an average of 200 patients are admitted to an ICU
during the 6 month study period, 20 patients are likely to present with abdominal sepsis.
Therefore, the maximum number of inclusions (n=15) must be achievable in the majority
of centres and the collaboration of 100 ICUs might, mathematically, be appropriate.
Notwithstanding, we aim to include 150 ICUs as we anticipate that patient inclusion will
be suboptimal in half of the participating centres (75 ICUs including 15 cases + 75 ICUs
including 8 cases = 1725 cases), and that approximately a 10% proportion of cases
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(n=175) will be excluded because of missing data in the e-CRFs. This adds to the
following estimate:
- 75 ICUs including the maximum number of cases (n=15): 1125 cases
- 75 ICUs including suboptimal (8 cases/unit):
600 cases
Subtotal:
1725 cases
- Minus 10% excluded for incomplete data:
-175 cases
Total:
1550 cases
With the AbSeS project being accepted as a Trials Group Study by the ESICM, it is very
likely that the above-mentioned figures of participating ICUs and patient inclusions will
be exceeded.
5.10
Practical aspects
The following organisational steps are to be taken before the start of the study:
• A steering committee is established and includes international experts in the field
of sepsis, intra-abdominal infection, or infectious diseases in critically ill patients.
• A monitoring committee will be established to validate data and to contact local
investigators if needed.
• A network of study coordinators will be established (one per country). National
coordinators will obtain IRB approval and must recruit study centres.
The AbSeS project is endorsed as a Clinical Trials Group study by the ESICM.
ESICM aims to foster collaborative research among its members and to promote
Intensive Care Research in Europe and abroad.
5.11
Publication plan
Study results will be presented and disseminated in a timely manner. The executive
committee will appoint a writing committee to draft the scientific report(s). All national
representatives and local coordinators will have their efforts recognized by being
mentioned as ‘collaborator’ in the authorship of the paper and as such listed in
PUBMED. Members of the executive committee, national representatives and local
coordinators may suggest research questions for secondary manuscripts and take
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initiative in drafting the paper after approval by the head investigators. In this regard,
the head investigators control the risk of potential overlap between manuscripts.
6 References
1.
Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J et al. International study of the prevalence and
outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA 2009; 302: 2323–2329.
2.
De Waele JJ, Hoste EAJ, Blot SI. Blood stream infections of abdominal origin in the
intensive care unit: characteristics and determinants of death. Surg Infect (Larchmt)
2008; 9: 171–177.
3.
De Waele J, Lipman J, Sakr Y et al. Abdominal infections in the intensive care unit:
characteristics, treatment and determinants of outcome. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:
420.
4.
Blot S, De Waele JJ, Vogelaers D. Essentials for selecting antimicrobial therapy for
intra-abdominal infections. Drugs 2012; 72: e17–32.
5.
De Waele JJ. Early source control in sepsis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395: 489–
494.
6.
Schein M, Marshall J. Source control for surgical infections. World J Surg 2004; 28:
638–645.
7.
Rex JH. Candida in the peritoneum: passenger or pathogen? Crit Care Med 2006;
34: 902–903.
8.
Blot S, De Waele JJ. Critical issues in the clinical management of complicated intra-
abdominal infections. Drugs 2005; 65: 1611–1620.
9.
Blot SI, Vandewoude KH, De Waele JJ. Candida peritonitis. Curr Opin Crit Care
2007; 13: 195–199.
10. de Ruiter J, Weel J, Manusama E, Kingma WP, van der Voort PHJ. The
epidemiology of intra-abdominal flora in critically ill patients with secondary and
tertiary abdominal sepsis. Infection 2009; 37: 522–527.
11. Swenson BR, Metzger R, Hedrick TL et al. Choosing antibiotics for intra-abdominal
infections: what do we mean by "high risk"? Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009; 10: 29–39.
12. Dupont H, Friggeri A, Touzeau J et al. Enterococci increase the morbidity and
mortality associated with severe intra-abdominal infections in elderly patients
hospitalized in the intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66: 2379–
2385.
13. Montravers P, Lepape A, Dubreuil L et al. Clinical and microbiological profiles of
community-acquired and nosocomial intra-abdominal infections: results of the
French prospective, observational EBIIA study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:
785–794.
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Appendix 1: Center Report Form
Center Report Form
To be filled out prior to patient inclusion
Institution (name): ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Type of hospital:
University/academic
Non-university
Hospital capacity:
__ __ __ __ beds
Type of ICU:
Closed
Open (non-ICU doctors may write orders)
ICU beds:
__ __ __ beds
Number of patients admitted to the ICU in 2014 (approximately): __ __ __ __ __ patients
ICU speciality:
Surgical:
cardiac
non-cardiac
transplantation
mixed
burns
trauma
Medical
coronary
neurologic
respiratory
mixed
Mixed medical / surgical
Other
Availability of an infectious diseases specialist
no
consultant only
an ICU clinician is qualified in ID
Availability of a general surgical team
no
only in hospital during day time
in hospital day and night
Availability of an antibiotic policy committee
yes
no
Availability of written recommendations on peri-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis
yes
no
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