Part of the tongue
According to the
Height
of
the
tongue
Front vowels
Central
(mixed)vowels
Back vowels
Front
prope
r
Front
ret-
racted
Central
proper
Central
ret-
racted
Back
advanc
ed
Back
ret-
racted
Close
vowels
narrow
и
I:
y
U:
broad
I
u
60
Mid
(medial)
vowels
narrow е
э(е)
Ə:
ў
broad
Ə
Open
vowels
narrow
^
ɔ:
broad
æ
a
ɔ
ɑ:
According to prof. A. Abduazizov, all other principles of the
vowel classification, except the tongue and lip positions, are not
essential in the production of the Russian and Uzbek vowels. According
to the horizontal and vertical movements of the tongue and position of
the lips, the Uzbek and Russian vowels are classified as shown in the
following table:
The vowel phonemes of Uzbek
The vowel phonemes of Russian
Front Back Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
unrounded
unrounded
rounded
i u
High i i (ы) u
e ō
Mid e o
a o
Low
a
The main differences and partial similarity between articulatory
features uf the English monophthongs, diphthongoids and the Uzbek
vowels may be summed up as follows:
1)The English, Uzbek and Russian vowel phonemes are
characterized by the oral formation. There are no nasal vowel phonemes
in the languages compared.
2)Comparing the X-ray pictures it is easy to notice the positions of
the tongue and lips in the articulation of the English and Uzbek vowels.
It is convenient to compare the articulations of English and Uzbek
vowels establishing certain acoustic types of vowels which relatively
exist in both languages /i/, /e/, /a/, /ɔ/, /u/, /ə/. For example, the acoustic
type (i) includes the English /i:/, /i/ and the Uzbek /i/, /a/ combines the
English /ᴂ/, /ᴧ/, /α:/ and the Uzbek /a/ etc.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
61
This type of comparison makes it easy to describe the phonemic
interference between the English and Uzbek vowels on the basis of the
articulatory, acoustic and auditory properties.
3)According to the horizontal movement of the tongue, English
vowels may be front,front-retracted, mixed, back-advances and
back,whereas Uzbek vowels are fully front and back.
4)According to the hight of the tongue and its variations
(narrow,broad) there are vowels of all hights and variations in English,
whereas, three levels of height: (/i/, /u/), mid (/e/, /ō/) and low (/a/, /o/),
sufficient for the Uzbek vowels. But we can classify the Uzbek vowels
on the basis of the variations of the height of tongue in order to clarify
our comparative-typological classification. For this purpose we may
compare X-ray photos and notice that the Uzbek /i/ and /u/ belong to
the narrow variation of close vowels, /e/, and /ō/ - to the narrow
variation of mid –open vowels, /a/ and /o/ - to the broad variation of
open vowels (this is clearly seen in the comparative table).
5)According to the position of the lips, all back English vowels,
except /α:/ and /ᴧ/ are rounded. However English vowels pronounced
with the lips less rounded and protruded, than the Uzbek back vowels.
The pronunciation of the English unrounded vowels with the neutral
and spread position of the lips is very important whereas it is not
essential for the Uzbek vowels in which only /e/ may be articulated with
spread lips.
6)Besides above differences, which comprise quality of features of
English and Uzbek vowels, there is a difference based on the quantity
features which make clear all other differences such as tense – lax,
checked – free.
The Uzbek vowels are typically “middle” sounds , being neither
long or short.
7)The Uzbek vowels have relatively stable articulation. There are
no diphthongoids in Uzbek.
Now let’s consider the consonant system of English and Uzbek
languages. According to prof. A.Abduazizov, in comparing the
consonant systems of two languages, it is suitable to begin with the
inventories of phonemes set up in both languages. The inventary of the
English consonant phonemes comprises the following 24 phonemes :
/p/, /b/, /t/, /s/,/k/, /g/, /n/, /ƞ/, /l/, /m/, /h/, /v/, /d/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/,
/w/, /r/, j/, /θ/, /ð/, /f/, and the facultative or optional phonemes /ʍ/.
62
The inventary of the Uzbek consonants consists of 23 phonemes
/p/, /b/, /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /sh/, /j/, /k/, /g/, /kh/, /g’/, /q/, /h/:, /n/, /l/,
/r/, /y/, /ch/, /m/, /ng/.
Some of the English consonants, for example, /θ, ð, w/ can not be
found in Uzbek. Likewise, the Uzbek consonants /kh, g’, q/ do not exist
in English. We can arrenge the differences in the inventories of
consonant phonemes of both languages into a single table. As we look
at the table of consonants we find differences in the number ad
articulation of some consonants. For example, the Uzbek consonants
/t,d/ are articulated in a more frontal position,being dental and dorsal,
than the English consonants /t, d/, which have an alveolar and apical
articulation. The Uzbek plosive (stop) backward position than the
backlingual consonants.
Among the fricatives the Uzbek /s, z, sh, j/ may be produced in a
more frontal position of the mouth cavity than the English counterparts
/s. z, ʃ, ʒ/. The Uzbek /s,z/ are dorsal, /sh - j/ are palato -alveolar
consonants. The English /s, z/ have apical, alveolar articulation with
round narrowing and /ʃ, ʒ/being also palato-alveolar, have two foci in
articulation. Besides, the consonants /kh, g’/ are specific for Uzbek and
cannot be found in English.
The class of nasals coincides in number /m, n, ƞ/ - /m, n, ng/ but
their articulatory, acoustic and phonological features are different in
both languages. The English /n/ is alveolar and apical, while the
Uzbek/n/ is a dorsal, dental consonant. The English /ƞ/ is a separate
phoneme and it can never be divided into two syllables as /n - g/ in all
positions. The Uzbek /ng/ can function as a separate phoneme in word
final position (uying-< >, qo’ling –<< your hand>>) and
in word medial position, owing to the syllable division it can be divided
into two elements, as /n - g/ qo’lingga –<> /qo’l-in-ga/,
singlingga (sin-glin-ga) –<>.
As to the English /l/ phoneme it has two allophones :<> and
<> the distinction of which is based on the pronunciation with a
frontal secondary focus (<> / l/) and with a back secondary
focus (<> /l/). Such kinds of articulation are not found in Uzbek
.
There is no consonant phoneme such as the English sonant /w/ in
Uzbek. The Englich /r/ has a cacuminal, post alveolar articulation while
the Uzbek /r/ is regarded as a rolled (or trilled) consonant.
63
Table of English and Uzbek Consonants
According to the active
organ of speech
Labial
Lingual
Back
lingual
U
v
u
lar
Ph
ar
y
n
g
al
G
lo
tt
al
Forelingual
Central lingual
According to
manner of
production
According
to place of
obstruction
Bi
lab
ia
l
L
ab
io
-
d
en
ta
l
Inter-
dental
Dental
Alveo-
lar
Post
al-
veolar
Pal
at
o
-
al
v
eo
lar
Pal
at
al
iz
ed
Pal
at
al
V
el
ar
Dorsal
Dorsal
apical
Apical
Cacu-
minal
Co
n
so
n
an
ts
o
f
co
m
p
let
e
o
b
st
ru
ct
io
n
Of
noice
Plosives
p, b
П, б
Т, д
t, d
k, g
К, г, қ
Affricates
тс(ц)
ʧ, ʤ
ТШ(ч),ДЖ
Of
voice
Nasals
m
м
и
п
[e]
ɳ
нг
Co
n
so
n
an
ts
o
f
in
co
m
p
let
e
o
b
st
ru
ct
io
n
Of
noice
Fricatives
[м]
Ф, в
f, v
[ф,
в]
θ, ɚ
С, з
S, z
Г
Ш, ж
ʃ, ʒ
[ж]
й
X, F
h
ҳ
[Ɂ]
Laterals
Л
L[e]
[e]
Of
voice
Semi
volwes
w
J,
[ju:]
[w]
Co
n
so
n
an
ts
o
f
in
co
m
p
let
e
o
b
st
ru
ct
io
n
Of
voice
Rolled (or
trilled)
consonants
[r]
р
[R]
|