1. Syntactical and morphological characteristics of the Infinitive

16. Speak on the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction and their syntactic functions.
The construction consists of 2 interdependent elements, nominal and verbal, which are in a predicative relation. The nominal element is a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. The verbal element is participle 1 or participle 2 in any of its forms. It doesn’t depend on the verb --- detached, the subject of the sentence is related only to the predicate verb.
Participle 1. Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (stands in post-position). (Jane walked away, tears streaming down her face)
Adverbial modifier of reason. (The ship’s band didn’t play in the morning, it being standing)
Adverbial modifier of time. (The work being finished, they walked from the office)
Participle 2. Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. (She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully)
Adverbial modifier of manner. (He sat on the sofa, his legs crossed)
Adverbial modifier of time. (Heard everything, Martin gave hiss boarding pass)
Adverbial modifier of reason. (We began to talk, but my attention distracted by my surroundings, I took small notice of him)
Adverbial modifier of condition. (He was a gentleman, but he was passionate, the cup once slipped, would he consent to put it down?)
+ The Nominative Absolute Construction has a noun/ adjective/ adverb as the second element. All the same functions.
e.g. She stood under the tree, her head being full of strange ideas. All being in the room, she called in Molly.

The prepositional Absolute Participial construction is introduced by the preposition with. Usually the nominal element is a noun in the common case or very rarely a personal pronoun in the objective case. The construction is more closely related to the predicative verb.

Participle 1. As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. (The officer sat with his long fine hands lying on the table perfectly still)
Participle 2. As an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances. (It is unhealthy to sleep with the windows shut).
An additional idea of time, reason or condition may be prompted by the context as in: I can’t walk with my leg broken.
+ The Prepositional Absolute construction is introduced by the preposition with. The second element is not Participle 1 or Participle 2. It can be a noun, or adjective or adverb.