interior, per minute, to take place, because, to occur, since, internal, each minute, a minute
Çalışma 3.ex-, un-, in- prefikslərindən istifadə edərək verilmiş fellərdən antonimlər düzəldin.
Упражнение 3.Образуйте от данных слов антонимы, используя приставки ex-, un-, in-.
interior, decrease, inspiratory, important Çalışma 4. B mətnini nəzərdən keçirin (vaxt- 10 dəq) 1) Mətni neçə yerə bölmək olar? 2) Passive Voice formasında feli xəbərlər; b) one (ones) sözü; c) təyin funksiyalı isimlər işlənən cümlələri i tapın. 3) Bu cümlələri tərcümə edin.
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, на сколько частей можно разделить текст. 2) Найдите предложения, где употребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые в Passive Voice; б) слово one (ones); в) существительные в функции определения. 3) Переведитеэтипредложения. Text В
Respiration The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) which takes place between the living organism and the environment. One must consider that in higher organisms this exchange takes place at several different levels. An initial exchange must occur between the air in the lungs, from which the oxygen is being continually taken up and into which carbon dioxide is being continually poured, and the external air. This is the process of external respiration.
The composition of the air inside the lungs is different from that of the air which we inhale. The content of alveolar air is very constant, especially the one of carbon dioxide, the partial pressure of which is normally 40 mm of mercury. This constancy is the result of a self-regulating mechanism by which the respiratory activity is governed by the amount of carbon dioxide which has been eliminated from the organism.
The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism. In man at rest the absorption of oxygen reaches about 0.25 litre a minute and the eli-mination of carbon dioxide 0.2 litre. At a time of maximum muscular activity, the consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide may both exceed 4 litres a minute.
The movement of air into the lungs is brought about by an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity with the action of the respiratory muscles. The lungs follow this movement passively. Some of the inspiratory muscles have a fixed point on the ribs; when the ribs are being raised the muscles increase the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the thoracic cavity (costal respiration). Another important muscle is the diaphragm, a thin dome-shaped «sheet», which closes the lower part of the thorax and separates it from the abdomen. The diaphragm contracts and flattens; it contributes in this way to the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity and raises the ribs (abdominal respiration). At the time of expiration, the thorax returns to its initial position, and air is expelled through the same tracts that had been -used by fresh air during inspiration.
In an individual at rest the number of inspirations per minute is 10 to 15; the pulmonary ventilation, or the volume of air which passes through the respiratory system each minute, is about 6 litres per minute. During intense muscular activity the inspiration rate may rise to 50 and the ventilation to 150 litres or more per minute. Çalışma 5. Verilmiş mülahizələri oxuyun. Mətndə bu mülahizələrin fikrinin daha dolğun ifadə edən cümlələri tapın.
Упражнение 5.Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно выражающие мысль этих суждений.
1. The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases. 2. An initial exchange between the air in the lungs and the external air is called external respiration. 3. The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism. 4. The content of alveolar air is very constant. 5. The diaphragm contracts and flattens. II hissə
Часть III
4-cü dərsə aid ümumiləşdirici yoxlama tapşırıqları
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 4 Çalışma 1. Məchul növdə feli xəbərin işləndiyi cümlələri tərcümə edin.
Упражнение 1.Переведите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в страдательном залоге.
1. Oxygen is being continually taken up from the lungs. 2. The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the organism. 3. Some of the respiratory muscles have a fixed point on the ribs. 4. Air is expelled through the tracts that have been used by fresh air during inspiration. 5. The heart wall is composed of two layers. Çalışma 2.One sözönünün say kimi işləndiyi cümlələri oxuyun. Bu cümlələri tərcümə edin.
Упражнение 2.Прочтите предложения, где слово one — числительное. Переведитеэтипредложения.
1.The lungs are two in number and one of them is in the right half of the thoracic cavity. 2. One must know that smoking is harmful. 3. The right lung is separated from the left one by the mediastinal septum. 4. There is one movable bone in the skull. 5. The right and left pleural cavities are serous sacs with visceral layers and parietal ones.
LESSON FIVE
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Indefinite pronouns some, any, no and their derivations.
2. Adverbial modifier of object, təyin və zərflik budaq cümlələri.
3. The function and translation of the word it
I hissə
Часть I
I hissəyə dair sözlər
Слова к части I pelvis ['pelvıs] n çanaq sümüyü. (таз)
pelvic ['pelvık] a çanaq (тазовый )
enclose [ın'klouz] v заключать, окружать
support [sə'p:t] v dəstəkləmək; поддерживать
gall-bladder ['g:lblaedə] n öd kisəsi; желчный пузырь
stomach ['stΛmək] n mədə; желудок
weigh [weı] v çəkmək; взвешивать, весить
weight [weıt] n çəki, kütlə вес
wide [waıd] а enli, широкий
widen ['waıdn] v genişləndirmək, artırmaq, расширять (ся)
width [wıdθ] n genişlik; ширина
long [ lŋ] а uzun; длинный
length [leŋθ] n uzunluq; длина
lengthen [leŋθən] v uzatmaq, удлинять(ся)
inch [ınt∫] n düym, дюйм
narrow ['nærou] а dar, ensiz, узкий; v сужаться
Çalışmalar
Упражнения Çalışma 1. Boş yerləri some., any, no qeyri-müəyyən əvəzliklər və onların törəmələri ilə doldurun.
Упражнение 1.Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any, пои их производными.
1. Are there ... grammar exercises in this textbook? 2. Give the patient analgetic. 3. Can … show me the way to the Rectorate? 4. …was allowed to visit the boy because of the quarantine. 5. My eyeglassesare bad, I can’t see ... now. 6. You may ask ... to help you. Çalışma 2.Some, any, no qeyri-müəyyən əvəzliklər və onların törəmələri olan aşağıdakı cümlələri tərcümə edin.
Упражнение 2.Переведите следующие предложения с неопределенными местоимениями some, any, по и их производными. Çalışma 3. Aşağıdakı cümlələrdə budaq cümlələri təyin edin: təyin, tamamlıq və zərflik. Cümlələri tərcümə edin.
Упражнение 3. В следующих предложениях определите придаточные предложения: определительные, дополнительные и обстоятельственные. Переведитепредложения. 1. While oxygen is being taken into the blood, carbonic acid gas, or carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the lungs and is breathed out.
2. If you hold your breath, the carbon dioxide immediately begins to accumulate in the blood. 3. The tonsils can be removed in later life, prbvided the infection seems severe. 4. The right lung that is slightly larger of the two is divided into three lobes. 5. The teacher explains that the diaphragm contracts and descends with each inspiration. 6. When the lungsare full, the diaphragm relaxes. Çalışma 4. Nümunəyə əsasən cümlələri tərcümə edin, it əvəzliyinin tərcüməsinə diqqət yetirin.
Упражнение 4..Переведите предложения согласно образцу; обратите внимание на переиод месстоимения it.
Nümunə:Water is liquid. Su mayedir; вода – жидкостью
Образец:
It is necessary for life. - O, həyat üçün vacibdir.
It is necessary for health to drink distilled water. Sağlamlıq üçün distillə edilmiş su içmək lazımdır. Для здоровя необходимо пить дистиллированную воду.
1. Medicalstudentsstudyanatomy. It is difficult for them. It is difficult for them to study it. 2. The amount of air which the body needs varies from time to time. It is necessary for the body. It is necessary for the body to regulate it. 3. Blood is a red fluid. It is easy to see it when it escapes from a blood vessel. 4. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. It is dangerous for life. It is easy to diagnose it. 5. The larynx contains the vocal cords. It is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support. It is possible to examine it with special instruments. Çalışma 5. Aşağıdakı sözləri oxuyun. Onları tərcümə edin.
Упражнение 5.Прочтите следующие слова. Переведите их.
The 'abdomen is the 'largest /cavity... . It is bounded a/bove..., it is separated by the 'great 'muscle of respi/ration... . 'Laterally and in /front | it is en/closed by the 'lower /ribs | ... and be/hind, | it is en/closed by the spinal \column. Çalışma 7.ic-suffiksinin mənasını yadda saxlayın. Aşağıdakı isimlərdən sifət düzəldin. -ic (-ical) suffikslərindən istifadə edərək isimlərdən mənsubiyyət və əlamət bildirən nisbi sifətlər düzəldin.
Упражнение 7.Запомните значение суффикса-ic.Образуйте прилагательные от следующих существительных.
-ic (-ical) образует от основ существительных относительные прилагательные, которые обозначают принадлежность или признак: pelvis-pelvic; physiology-physiological, physiologic, history, chemistry, mechanism, toxicity, spleen
Text A
The Abdomen The abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. It is bounded above by the thorax or chest and below by two pelvic bones which meet in front. From the cavity of the thorax it is separated by the great muscle of respiration — the diaphragm. Laterally and in front it is enclosed by the lower ribs and abdominal muscles. Behind, it is supported by the spinal column.
The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the bladder.
The liver lies under the right ribs and extends across to the left of the epigastrium. The liver is a large organ that weighs about 1,5 kg. Everybody must know that the liver plays a very important role in the vital activities of the organism. It is the liver that; secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver.
The gall-bladder lies beneath the right lobe of the liver. The gallbladder serves as a bile reservoir.
The stomach lies under the left ribs and extends across to the right. It is known that its smaller end situates in the epigastrium. The stomach serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with any amount of food that is consumed and the extent of contraction of its wall. The stomach when it is filled with food is usually compared with a chemical retort. Its capacity is some 1–2 litres.
The intestines («internal» – Latin) occupy chiefly the central portions of the abdominal cavity. From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. As the contents of the small intestine cannot move back they may freely pass into the large intestine.
The «small» and «large» refers to the width, rather than the length. The small intestine is only 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter at the point where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter. The large intestine is up to 2.5 inches wide. Çalışma 8. A mətnini nəzərdən keçirin və bu mətndə qarın boşluğunun hansı orqanlarının təsvir olunduğunu söyləyin.
Упражнение 8.Прочтите и переведите письменно следующие предложения из текста А.
1. The liver plays a very important part in the vital activity of the organism. It secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are detoxified in the liver. 2: From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. 3. The small intestine is only 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter at the point where it leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter. Çalışma 9. A mətnini oxuyun və tərcümə edin. Mətndə aşağıdakı suallara cavab tapın.
Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Найдите в тексте ответы па следующие вопросы и зачитайте их
1. Where is the largest cavity of the body situated? 2. What organs does the abdominal cavity contain? 3. What are the characteristics of the liver?
What does the gall-bladder serve for? 5. What are the characteristics of the stomach? 6. How do we distinguish «small» and «large» intestines?
Çalışma 10. Sinonim cütlüklərini seçin.
Упражнение 10. Подберите пары синонимов.
spinal column, to participate, beneath, thorax, chest, under, to take part, backbone Çalışma 11. Antonim cütlüklərini seçin.
Упражнение 11.Подберитепарыантонимов.
above, in front of, small, lower, to the left, to pass in; upper (higher), to the right, to leave, behind, below, large Çalışma 12. Aşağıdakı cümlələri tərcümə edin. it sözünün funksiyasını təyin edin.
Упражнение 12. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите функции слова it.
1. It must be noted that the role of the stomach is to prepare the food chemically and mechanically. 2. When a group of organs performs a varified series of functions we call it a system. 3. It is the gastric glands in the stomach that secrete gastric juice, which is acid and acts on meals. 4. It is through the capillary network of the villi that digested foods pass to enter the bloodstream. 5. It is possible to refer painful intestines to bacterial or amoebic infection of the gastro-intestinal tract. 6. After the food is properly prepared it is absorbed into the lymph-vessels and blood vessels. Çalışma 13. İngilis dilinə tərcümə edin.
1. Diafraqma döş qəfəsini qarın boşluğundan ayıran iri əzələdir. 2. Məlumdur ki, qara ciyər sağ qabırğa altında yerləşən ən böyük orqanlardan biridir. O bir neçə həyat əhəmiyyətli funksiya yerinə yetirir. 3. Məhz qara ciyərdə bəzi toksik maddələr zərərsizləşdirilir. 4. Qalın bağırsaq nazik bağırsaqdan 1-1.5 düym genişdir. Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык.
Диафрагма — это большая мышца, которой грудная полость отделяется от брюшной. 2. Известно, что печень, расположенная в правом подреберье, является одним из самых крупных органов. Она выполняет несколько жизненно важных функций. 3. Именно в печени обезвреживаются некоторые токсичные вещества. 4. Толстый кишечник на 1—1,5 дюйма шире, чем тонкий.