must be aggressive in order to carry the new world of ideas to
success – both these phases of the struggle call for a body of
resolute fighters. Any new philosophy of life will bring its ideas
to victory only if the most courageous and active elements of its
epoch and its people are enrolled under its standards and grouped
firmly together in a powerful fighting organization. To achieve
this purpose it is absolutely necessary to select from the general
system of doctrine a certain number of ideas which will appeal to
such individuals and which, once they are expressed in a precise
and clearcut form, will serve as
articles of faith for a new
association of men. While the
programme of the ordinary
political party is nothing but the recipe for cooking up favourable
results out of the next general elections, the programme of a
philosophy represents a declaration of war against an existing
order of things, against present conditions, in short, against the
established view of life in general.
It is not necessary, however, that every individual fighter for
such a new doctrine need have a full grasp of the ultimate ideas
and plans of those who are the leaders of the movement. It is
only necessary that each should
have a clear notion of the
fundamental ideas and that he should thoroughly assimilate a few
of the most fundamental principles, so that he will be convinced
of the necessity of carrying the movement and its doctrines to
success. The individual soldier is not initiated in the knowledge
of high strategical plans. But he is trained to submit to a rigid
discipline, to be passionately convinced of the justice and inner
worth of his cause and that he must devote himself to it without
reserve. So, too, the individual follower of a movement must be
made acquainted with its farreaching purpose, how it is inspired
by a powerful will and has a great future before it.
Supposing that each soldier in an army were a general, and had
the training and capacity for generalship, that army would not be
an efficient fighting instrument. Similarly a political movement
would not be very efficient in fighting for a philosophy if it were
made up exclusively of intellectuals. No, we need the simple
soldier also. Without him no discipline can be established.
By its very nature, an organization can exist only if leaders of
high intellectual ability are served by a large mass of men who
are emotionally devoted to the cause. To maintain discipline in a
company of two hundred men who are equally intelligent and
capable would turn out more difficult in the long run than in a
company of one hundred and ninety less gifted men and ten who
have had a higher education.
The SocialDemocrats have profited very much by recognizing
this truth. They took the broad masses of our people who had just
completed military service and learned to submit to discipline,
and they subjected this mass of men to the discipline of the
SocialDemocratic organization, which was no less rigid than the
discipline through which the young
men had passed in their
military training. The SocialDemocratic organization consisted
of an army divided into officers and men. The German worker
who had passed through his military service became the private
soldier in that army, and the Jewish intellectual was the officer.
The German trade union functionaries may be compared to the
noncommissioned officers. The fact, which was always looked
upon with indifference by our middleclasses, that only the so
called uneducated classes joined Marxism was the very ground
on which this party achieved its success. For while the bourgeois
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