ENLIGHTENMENT JOURNALISM.
The History of American journalism could be said to begin in 1690, when Benjamin Harris
published the first edition of "Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick" in Boston. Harris
intended to publish a regular weekly newspaper along the lines of those that existed in London, but he
did not get prior approval and his paper was suppressed after a single edition. The first successful
newspaper, The Boston News-Letter, was published in 1704. This time, the founder was John Campbell,
the local postmaster, and his paper proclaimed that it was "published by authority."
In the following decades, master printers seeking a sideline published more newspapers in other
large port cities on the East Coast of North America, usually. Among them was James Franklin, founder
of the New England Courant, where he employed his younger brother, Benjamin Franklin. Like many
other Colonial newspapers, it was aligned with party interests and did not publish balanced content. Ben
Franklin was first published in his brother's newspaper, under the pseudonym Silence Dogood, in 1722,
and even his brother did not know at first. Ben Franklin's pseudonymous publishing represented a
common practice of newspapers of that time of protecting writers from retribution from those they
criticized.
Ben Franklin took over the Pennsylvania Gazette the following year. Ben Franklin expanded his
business by essentially franchising other printers in other cities, who published their own newspapers.
By 1750, 14 weekly newspapers were published in the six largest colonies. The largest and most
successful of these could be published up to three times per week. By the 1770s, 89 newspapers were
published in 35 cities.
Early theatrical notices may be followed in The Virginia Gazette, in Williamsburg, the old capital
of Virginia. Here The Busy-Body, The Recruiting Officer, and
The Beaux' Stratagem
were all
performed, often by amateurs, though professionals were known as early as 1716 in Williamsburg. Life
in Williamsburg in 1736 had a more cosmopolitan quality than in other towns. A sprightly essay-serial
called The Monitor, which fills the first page of The Virginia Gazette for twenty-two numbers, probably
reflects not only the social life of the capital, but also the newer fashion in such periodical work. It is
dramatic in method, with vividly realized characters who gossip and chat over games of piquet or at the
theatre. The Beaux' Stratagem, which had been played in Williamsburg three weeks before, is
mentioned as delightful enough to make one of the ladies commit the indiscretion of giggling. The
Monitor represents a kind of light social satire unusual in the colonies.
2
Poetry principles of the first national poet of the USA Philip Freneau. Harmony of Classicism
and romanticism traditions in his creative work. “The House of Night”.
Philip Freneau, the leading poet in the Revolution, was born in New York. He received a classical
education at school, and at sixteen entered University. As a boy he had a lyrical poetic nature: at his
parents’ he wrote in a poem that he loved the voice and breath of the blue Atlantic; but as he grew up,
his humanitarian sympathy for the humble and the oppressed motivated both his political and his poetic
interests, and he became the poet – patriot of the American Revolution.
In 1769, Freneau’s fellow – students at the university organized a society in which the young
people could express their political and philosophical ideas. Among his friends were James Madison (a
future president), Hugh Brackenridge (a future novelist), Henry Lee (a future cavalry in the Revolution,
known as Light – Horse – Harry), and some other men who became famous as writers and statesmen in
later years. The students demanded that Freneau write satire, for those were times of political debates.
Freneau agreed; he said later: “An age later employed in pointing steel can no poetic rapture feel.”
(From “The British Prison Ship”.) Freneau composed anti – British satire.
Freneau’s style in this first period of his creative work imitation of the English classicists: Milton,
Dryden, Pope and Gold. During the war, he wrote patriotic poems on freedom. He firmly believed in
the cause of the American colonists against Britain and imagined the future of America in the poem
“America Independent”
Freneau’s patriotic poems appeared in various papers and were very popular. Freneau’s satires
directed against unjust judges, however made him many enemies who considered him a troublemaker.
Tired of the attacks on him by his adversaries he decided to go to sea. It was in 1776 that he made
his first voyage to the West Indies. He begins the second period in his creative work. The poet was in
rapture over the beauty of the islands.
Freneau also raised his voice against Negro slavery in a satire called “Sir Toby” (Toby was a sugar
planter of Jamaica)
In 1778, he joined the continental army. In 1780, sailing for a second voyage to the West Indies
was captured, tried and imprisoned by the British after a bloody battle between the American ship
Aurora, on which he sailed, and the British Iris. Freneau was held in captivity for two months in a prison
ship the Scorpion where he nearly died. He was exchanged as a prisoner of war. Later he described the
Scorpion in one of his best poems, “The British Prison Ship”, but his suffering did not break his spirit.
Realized, Freneau was enraged to find many of his countrymen inert and submissive. They thought the
enemy could not be conquered and that there was no sense in continuing the war. The revolutionary
spirit in Freneau’s poems grew stronger.
Between 1781 – 1784, Freneau became editor of the Philadelphia magazine, the Freeman’s
Journal, in which many of this poems were printed. Freneau insisted that America should have her own
national literature. In this poem “Literary Importation”, he urged literary independence.
The next six years, till 1790, Freneau spent at sea again as captain of various trading vessels.
During his absence, his friends published a collection of his poems. About this time, Freneau wrote his
famous poem “The Indian Burying Ground”. He had already written a number of poems about nature.
Freneau considered the life of the Indians ‘natural state of man’. In his verses, Freneau did not use the
classic style of odes; he becomes natural and romantic Freneau’s relentless energy is felt in the poem
“The Indian Burying Ground”.
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