Questions:
1. What was the Franklin’s education at school and in life?
2. Who was the great philosopher of the time whose ideas became widespread in America and
how did they influence American youth?
3. How did Franklin promote the humanitarian ideas of the Enlightenment?
4. What was Franklin’s contribution to science?
5. What did Franklin do for the American Revolution as a journalist, and as a statesman?
THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743 - 1826)
The second writer of the revolutionary period in America was Thomas Jefferson. Lawyer,
philosopher, architect, statesman, he was just as much a man of the age of Enlightenment as was
Franklin. He received a university education at William and Mary Collage. After graduating he read
law with one of the best law teachers of the time and became unusually learned in law. In 1769 he was
made a member of the Virginia Assembly; but having been born in a small village in the frontier country
of West Virginia, he never lost his sympathy grew directly from his own experience. All his life he
supported the idea of self – government. In 1747 he wrote a pamphlet “A Summary View of the Rights
of British America”, in which he said that the natural rights of man, such as freedom, the rights to use
the fruits of one’s toil, etc., must be secured by law for all men irrespective of their station in life. In
1776 as a member of the Continental Congress, he was in the committee of five to draft the Decoration
of Independence. Although Franklin made a fundamental contribution to it, the Declaration was
substantially the work of Jefferson, and its literary merit reflects Jefferson’s precise clarity and powerful
grace of thought.
Here is part of the Declaration: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,
Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. – That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among
Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, - That whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is te Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and
to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such
form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
The influence of Lock is evident in the Declaration. But Lock identified the “natural rights” of
man as those of “Life, Liberty and Property”, and it is worthy of note that Jefferson substituted the word
“happiness” for “property”. This shows that Jefferson tell that property was the foundation of inequality.
After the Revolution Jefferson went to Paris where he succeeded Franklin as America’s
ambassador. There, in 1785, he published his best work, “Notes on the State of Virginia” prepared by
the author as a reply to a series of questions put to him in France during official negotiation. It has 23
section dealing with natural resources, geography, the fauna and flora, the inhabitants (including the
Indians), government, civil rights, education, customs etc. Today the book is valued for the humane
ideas expressed in it.
Thanks to Jefferson, we learn about the Indians, the names of their social customs, the story of
their struggle with the colonizers, and the names of their two great chiefs: Tecumseh and Logan.
A special chapter deals with the institution of slavery which Jefferson severely criticizes: “… and
with what execration1 should the statesman be loaded who, permitting one – half of the citizens thus to
trample on the rights of the others, transforms those into despot, and these into enemies, destroys the
morals of the one part, and the love of country of the other.” Jefferson ends the book with a rational
plan for setting the Negroes free. When Jefferson returned to America, he became Secretary of State in
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Washington’s cabinet. The Federalists were Jefferson’s political enemies. At the Constitutional
Convention, they demanded supreme power for the big proprietors to impose taxation and set up an
American bank. For Jefferson the purpose of government was to protect the individual, not use him for
exploitation; it should provide freedom of speech, thought, worship and education. Jefferson’s
opposition to Federalism drew the support of the majority and he won the elections of 1800, and served
for two terms as President of the USA.
During his remaining years, he designed and built the University of Virginia. He set up a public
library, and became President of American Philosophical Society. He died in 1826 on the fiftieth
anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
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