Questions:
1. Which of Lock’s ideas were influential when the Declaration of Independence was being
written?
2. How did Jefferson understand Liberty and Equality as seen in his draft of the Declaration?
3. Why did Jefferson rise in opposition to the Federalists? Characterize him as a statesman.
4. What was Jefferson’s best book, and what were its literary merits?
STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN THE PAMPHLET BY THOMAS PAINE “COMMON
SENSE”.
Thomas Paine, the most democratic writer of Enlightenment in America, was international
revolutionary publicist whose works served three countries: America, England and France. His fiery
ardour flamed like a beacon guiding patriots in trying times and was a battle-cry during the war.
Thomas Paine was born in Norfolk, England, in a family of poor artisans. At an early age, he
became interested in Newtonian science and social philosophy. His father could not afford to give him
an education, so when he was sixteen, he went to sea and served two years as sailor in the Seven – Year
War, during which he took part in a terrific sea battle. When he returned to England, he found
employment in Sussex as a tax – collector. Here he learned social science at first hand seeing the
hardship of the tax – burdened masses. The tax –collectors were not better off. In 1773, he went to
London as a representative of his fellow –workers to petition Parliament for better wages. The result of
this “civil revolt” was that he lost his job.
About this time, Paine met Benjamin Franklin in London and Franklin noted his unusual talents.
With a letter of recommendation, in which Franklin characterized him as “an ingenious, worthy young
man”, Paine sailed for America. In Philadelphia, he began to work for the Pennsylvania Magazine. In
1776, when relations between Britain and the colonies were drawing to a crisis, Paine’s famous
pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared in which he urged a declaration of independence. At the outbreak
of the war, he enlisted in the American army and was appointed able –de –camp (assistant officer) to
General Greene at Fort Lee in New Jersey.
During the military campaigns between 1776 – 1783, Paine wrote sixteen pamphlets dealing with
the revolutionary war, under the general title “The American Crisis”. The first was written in
December 1776, when Washington’s army, having suffered heavy losses, retreated from the Hudson
River southward, starving and frozen, heated by a camp – fire, using a drumhead as a desk, Paine started
writing his great work. It was printed, and Washington had it read before all the regiment encamped in
Pennsylvania. The pamphlet restored the morale of the soldiers, helped them to face the hardships and
to achieve victory.
After the war, Paine found himself out of work and stricken with poverty. The states of
Pennsylvania and New York came to his aid, and he was given a little farm in New Rochelle. While
there, he tried out his engineering talents and attempted to design an iron bridge without piers. He went
to London to find someone interested in bridge – building. But the political scene of Europe absorbed
all his attention. In England, he defended the French Revolution against reactionary statesmen by
writing his now famous pamphlet “The Rights of Man”, in which he tried to open the eyes of
Englishmen to the madness and stupidity of their government. He also suggested the overthrow of the
British monarchy. The pamphlet was denounced a treasonable literature, Paine was accused of treason
and a warrant was issued for his arrest. Warned by the poet William Blake, he fled in France that same
7
night and avoided arrest. He offered his services to the champions of the French Revolution, Paine’s
creed being: “My country is the world, my religion – to do good.” He was welcomed as an international
figure, and General Lafayette gave him a key to the Bastille to be presented to Washington.
Paine was elected an honorary member of the National Convention; but during the tense year of
1793, he opposed the Jacobin dictatorship. Paine did not understand that the French Revolution was not
the same as the American War of Independence. In France, the roots of tyranny went deep into history,
down a thousand years, and the French masses knew that when they uprooted this tyranny they would
come up against the reactionary forces of all of Europe.
In December 1793, Paine was imprisoned. This did not shake his loyalty to the Revolution. In the
Luxembourg prison he continued to work on his pamphlet “The Age of Reason”, part of which was
already in press. This treatise gave such a rational view on religion that it bordered or watheism. The
author later said that in this work he had gone “marching through the Christian Paine was elected an
honorary member of the National Convention; but during the tense year of 1793 he opposed the Jacobin
dictatorship. Paine did not understand that the French Revolution was not the same as the American
War of Independence. In France the roots of tyranny went deep into history, down a thousand years,
and the French masses knew that when they uprooted this tyranny they would come up against the
reactionary forces of all of Europe forest with an axe.” He wrote “All national institutions of churches
whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish – appear to me no other than human invention set up to terrify and
enslave mankind and monopolize power and profit.”
“The Age of Reason” was followed by another pamphlet “Agrariant Justice”, in which Paine
developed the idea that land should never be anybody’s private property, but should be the “common
property of the human race”. It is not hard to guess what an uproar these pamphlet produced in bourgeois
America and among American churchmen.
Released from the prison after the death of Robespierre, Paine returned to America to find that
his services during the war had been forgotten. Ignored by all he retired to New Rochelle, but the attacks
of his enemies the Federalists and reactionary clergymen, against him continued till the end of his days.
They slandered Paine as a religious infidel ever after his death. A torrent of abuse had been heaped upon
Thomas Paine for about a hundred and fifty years. But in working – class circles he was always
remembered. Paine’s birthday was celebrated annually by the early American labour movement. The
workers loved this hard – hitting pamphleteer who had fought the people’s fight against tyranny.
Questions:
1. How did Thomas Paine fight in the American Revolution?
2. What were Paine’s famous works written before and during the Revolution? What were they
about?
3. Why was Paine considered an international revolutionary publicist?
4. What were Paine’s republican ideas as expressed in his later pamphlets?
5. Why did have so many enemies?
6. How is Paine remembered in America today?