Querin, Goebl, Impact of Logistics on Customer Service JALM, 2017, Volume 5 Rust, & Varki, 1997). It is thanks to these new technolo-
gies that Customer Service new core became the relation
between customers and firms (Lawer & Knox, 2006; Mit-
tal & Kamakura, 2001; Urban, 2004).
This service has also been identified as a marketing op-
portunity or as a logistics tool (Rinehart, Bixby Cooper,
& Wagenheim, 1989). On a marketing perspective, Cus-
tomer Service represents the activities related to the sale
and aimed at the retention (Tucker, 1983).
More recently, Stock and Lambert (2001) as well as
Christopher (2016) identified three elements of customer
service, stressing the relation with Logistics: Pretransac-
tion elements (policy, organization, management ser-
vices), Transaction elements (stock level, order infor-
mation, shipment etc.) and Posttransaction elements (in-
stallation, warranty, claims, returns etc.).
From a Logistics point of view, customer satisfaction can
be drastically increased by inventory management, deliv-
ery times and reduction of the returns (Bowersox,
Mentzer, & Speh, 2008).
Some studies are oriented towards a mixed approach in-
tegrating Marketing and Logistics, with Customer Ser-
vice as the unifying factor. On the one hand, ensuring the
delivery in the right time and at the right place; on the
other an appropriate price and services control (Rinehart
et al., 1989; Emerson & Grimm, 1996).
The “internal and subjective response” of customers to
any contact (direct or indirect) with a firm generates the
Customer Experience. This goes beyond the pure cus-
tomer service, as it includes elements as packaging, ad-
vertisement, product quality as well website usability and
product display (Klaus, 2013; Meyer & Schwager, 2007).
Involving customers holistically and consistently on a
range of levels helps improving the customer experience
and increase the loyalty (Gentile, Spiller, & Noci, 2007).
As it does not take place in a brick-and-mortar location,
the seller may not be able to control the whole Customer
Experience aspects and therefore elements of the website,
as images and text, stimulate the customer (S. Rose et al.,
2012).
A successful example of the integration between Logis-
tics, Marketing and Customer Service has recently been
seen in Amazon, which mixes services and an accurate
inventory and logistics management (Bensinger, 2012;
Blodget, 2012; Hanley Frank, 2015; Lierow, Janssen, &
D’Incà, 2016).
Online Customer Service The availability of information accessible through inter-
net empowers customers. In 2005, a rapidly increasing
amount of customers was collecting information online
prior to purchasing (Urban, 2005). Meanwhile, in the
early years of the XXI century, more and more users pur-
chase online: in the second quarter of 2014, 78% of the
US population over 15 years of age completed online
purchases (Smith, 2015; Lissitsa & Kol, 2016).
A significant reason for operating through internet was,
for businesses, the opportunity to reduce costs in creating
a relation with customers. However, as customers started
encountering issues with their transactions and pur-
chases, firms invested more in the quality of their online
services to favour customer retention (Bilgihan, Kan-
dampully & Zhang, 2016; Klaus, 2013).
It was understood that in an online context, the relation
between satisfaction and loyalty can be even stronger
than in an offline context (S. C. Chen, 2012). However,
customers also expect an equal or even higher level of
service online, rather than with the traditional channels.
Trust has the highest influence in online customer satis-
faction, while reliability is also determinant (Lee & Lin,
2005).
Logistics and Customer Service The availability of information due to the technological
evolution intervened also on the area of Logistics. While
it led to a highly competitive environment, where product
average life cycles shortened, this however also translates
to a higher and more accurate information on inventory
and demand (Patterson, Grimm, & Corsi, 2003).
This acquires more relevance when it is observed that as
well as having a role in Customer Service, Logistics also