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Querin, Goebl, Impact of Logistics on Customer Service
JALM, 2017, Volume 5
In the past, expectations were viewed by consumer satis-
faction literature as a form of customer prediction over
the
purchase experience, while service quality literature
tended to see them as desires or wishes of customers to-
wards a future transaction (B. R. Lewis & Mitchell,
1990).
Based on a 1991 study, a key driver of customer expec-
tations was the price (for a higher price paid, a better ser-
vice was expected). The research indicated that firms’
customer satisfaction could be achieved by just deliver-
ing the basics. However, there was already the perception
that companies could surprise customers by providing a
higher service (Parasuraman, Berry, & Zeithaml, 1991).
A research in 1994 observed that the increase in the ca-
pability of the inventory management and efficiency may
have had an impact in the customers’ expectations (La
Londe & Masters, 1994).
Some studies analyzed the
impact of age over Customer
Expectations. Before the wave of technological innova-
tions, it was observed that older customers had a higher
perception of courtesy, security and understanding the
customers (Webster, 1989).
The spread of new technologies and the new concepts of
Customer Delight and Customer Advocacy, may lead to
believe that younger people may have higher expecta-
tions compared to older generations. Newer generations
would be indeed more exposed to the possibility of or-
dering everything online, conveniently, and potentially
return it.
Indeed, it has been observed in a 2016 research that the
probability of purchasing online decreases with age for
Generation X. For Generation
Y this tendency is oppo-
site, with an increase of online shopping with an increase
of the age, probably due to the fact that younger members
of generation Y are still unable to spend a significant
amount of money online, while older members of Gener-
ation X would be more traditional in their shopping be-
havior (Lissitsa & Kol, 2016).
Customer Satisfaction and impacting factors
Customer Satisfaction is an essential concept in Cus-
tomer Service. It was defined as “a customer’s overall
evaluation of the performance of an offering to date” and
it may be affected by situational and reactional triggers
(Gustafsson, Johnson, & Roos, 2005). Satisfaction is not
necessarily the
opposite of dissatisfaction, as the fulfill-
ment of a basic expectation does not necessarily result in
satisfaction (Berman, 2005).
A customer-oriented culture and partnership with cus-
tomers and suppliers is essential to achieve customer sat-
isfaction, as well as high level of employee satisfaction
(Feciková, 2004).
A research published in 2000 suggested that there is no
direct impact of Customer Satisfaction on the company
profit, However, it has been recognized by several other
studies that the satisfaction has an impact through its out-
comes: reduction of complaints and increase of the reten-
tion. Furthermore, Customer Satisfaction affects cus-
tomer spending (Bernhardt, Donthu, & Kennett, 2000;
Fornell, 1992; Mithas, Krishnan, & Fornell, 2005; Mittal
& Kamakura, 2001; Urban, 2004; Fornell, Rust, &
Dekimpe, 2010).
The behavioral outcomes of a
high customer satisfaction
are particularly represented by the loyalty and by the pro-
tection of the customer base from the effort of the com-
petitors. This brings to a lower price of customer acqui-
sition and an increase of the firm’s reputation (Anderson,
Fornell, & Lehmann, 1994; Oliver et al., 1997).
Therefore, customer satisfaction is protective and defen-
sive and it leads less customers to search for alternatives
(S. C. Chen, 2012; Kim & Ko, 2012).
A 2016 research indicates that customers generally ex-
pect online service to have a high standard, wherever they
are located and whichever medium they are using (Bilgi-
han et al, 2016). This may be also due to the fact that,
thanks to the internet, communication, products and ser-
vices can be tailored to the customer. This may have on
its own raised the bar on customer expectations (Rust et
al., 2000; Hogan, Lemon, & Rust., 2002).
To reach a higher loyalty, several firms started to invest
in the concept of Customer Delight, by raising the bar on
the quality of the services given
and providing a memo-
rable experience (S. C. Chen, 2012; Mittal & Kamakura,
2001; Oliver et al., 1997). By providing a surprising ser-
vice, delight can provide a much higher customer reten-
tion rate compared to a high satisfaction level. (Berman,
2005).
Customer delight is based on the fact that satisfaction
level may have an emotional foundation (Oliver et al.,
1997). Delight experiences can lead to “memories” of the
experience itself and therefore raise the customer expec-
tations. Customers would then attempt to repeat the ex-
perience or feel that this experience was unique and can’t
be repeated (Rust & Oliver, 2000).
However, if a firm constantly attempts to delight its cus-
tomers, they already have the expectation to be delighted
in their experience. The companies need therefore
to live
up to this expectation to avoid disappointing the custom-
ers and affecting the overall satisfaction (McQuitty, Finn,
& Wiley, 2000).
The wide – and growing – amount of available infor-
mation empowers customers by allowing them to search,
select and purchase the items they are looking for (Con-
stantinides, 2008; Lissitsa & Kol, 2016; Urban, 2005).
Already in 2006, it was observed that the amount of in-
formation has reached such a spread that it may even lead
to an overload and to the confusion of customers (Lawer
& Knox, 2006).
To reduce this risk as well as the confusion and support-
ing customer’s decisions, some firms moved towards the