a )
(
b )
Figure 1. Schematic of nuclear waste management (NWM) administrative (
a ) and operational (
b )
activities. The operational activities are sub-divided into pre-disposal and disposal activities.
NWM is a national responsibility whereas international organisations such as IAEA
can only provide assistance to ensure the effective and safe use of nuclear energy. To en-
sure the long-term viability and public acceptance of nuclear energy and its applications,
it is essential that any waste generated is safely and efficiently managed from the point of
generation through to disposal.
The end point of NWM is always disposal, i.e., the emplacement of radioactive waste
into a facility or location with no intention of retrieval. The key to achieving this is the
development of an Integrated Waste Strategy (IWS) [13]. As the NWM is a country re-
sponsibility, every single country should have some form of policy and strategy for man-
aging its spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste [13].
NWM practices including disposal should always comply with IAEA safety princi-
ples, which are provided by the IAEA standard SF-1 [14]. The fundamental safety objec-
tive set by the IAEA SF-1 standard is to protect people and the environment from the
harmful effects of ionizing radiation; however, this needs to be achieved without unduly
limiting the operation of facilities or the conduct of activities with the 10 safety principles
[14]. The IAEA safety principles provide the basis for requirements and measures for the
protection of people and the environment against radiation risks and for the safety of fa-
cilities and activities that give rise to radiation risks, including nuclear waste disposal fa-
cilities and activities as an integral part of NWM [15].
2. Nuclear Waste Classification for Disposal 2.1. IAEA Classification The IAEA has developed a globally accepted generic system of nuclear waste classi-
fication, which accommodates various waste types and disposal solutions and gives a use-
ful initial consideration of disposal routes, although it does not prescribe specific disposal
solutions for certain waste types, which are always based on specific safety assessment for
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each disposal facility used [16]. The IAEA nuclear waste classification system (Figure 2) is
entirely based on the final or end points of nuclear waste disposal.