TST 0–4 mm
(n,%)
TST 5–9
mm (n,%)
TST 10–14
mm (n,%)
TST ≥ 15 mm
(n,%)
P-
value*
Total
10,181
(15.9)
1,635
(2.6)
14,049
(21.9)
38,737
(59.7)
Age
0–4
52 (9.3)
30 (5.4) 169 (30.2) 308 (55.1) <
0.001
5–14
29 (5.7)
9 (1.8)
102 (20.0) 369 (72.5)
15–24
658 (7.6) 213 (2.5)
1,891
(21.8)
5,923
(68.2)
25–44
4,288
(15.0)
656 (2.3)
6,235
(21.8)
17,450
(61.0)
45–64
3,310
(18.0)
496 (2.7)
4,086
(22.2)
10,486
(57.1)
65+
1,839
(24.6)
230 (3.1)
1,563
(20.9)
3,831
(51.3)
Sex
Male
7,445
(17.5)
1,149
(2.7)
9,483
(22.3)
24,441
(57.5)
<
0.001
Female
2,731
(12.6)
485 (2.2)
4,563
(21.0)
13,916
(64.1)
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic
2,203
(14.7)
404 (2.7)
3,500
(23.4)
8,856
(59.2)
<
0.001
American Indian
114 (14.0) 20 (2.5) 133 (16.3) 550 (67.3)
Asian
673 (6.9) 255 (2.6)
2,153
(22.2)
6,630
(68.3)
Black
4,164
(16.7)
529 (2.1)
5,162
(20.7)
15,113
(60.5)
Native Hawaiian
46 (6.8)
18 (2.7) 158 (23.3) 455 (67.2)
White
2,944
(23.1)
400 (3.1)
2,870
(22.5)
6,546
(51.3)
Birthplace
US-born
6,853
(19.8)
881 (2.5)
7,438
(21.4)
19,530
(56.3)
<
0.001
Foreign-born
3,328
(11.3)
754 (2.6)
6,611
(22.4)
18,843
(63.8)
HIV status
Negative
6,997
(12.5)
1,409
(2.5)
12,358
(22.1)
35,131
(62.9)
<
0.001
Positive
3,184
(38.2)
226 (2.7)
1,691
(20.3)
3,242
(38.9)
Clinical presentation of
disease
Miliary
422 (36.7) 43 (3.7) 221 (19.2) 465 (40.4) <
0.001
Pulmonary/extrapulmonary
1,010
(22.9)
120 (2.7) 869 (19.7)
2,406
(54.6)
Extrapulmonary
1,261
(13.8)
207 (2.3)
1,870
(20.4)
5,831
(63.6)
Non-cavitary pulmonary
5,061
(16.4)
769 (2.5)
6,805
(22.0)
18,268
(59.1)
Cavitary pulmonary
2,427
(13.0)
496 (2.7)
4,284
(23.0)
11,403
(61.3)
Sputum smear
Negative
3,350
(13.7)
570 (2.3)
5,138
(21.0)
15,384
(62.9)
<
0.001
Positive
5,111
(16.4)
854 (2.7)
7,058
(22.6)
18,147
(58.2)
*Pearson's chi-square test.
Figure 1.
Selection of United States TB cases reported to CDC during 1993 through
2010 for inclusion in the analysis of the relationship between tuberculin skin
test (TST) results and clinical presentation. *CXR = chest radiograph.
TST Result and Clinical Category of Disease
In general, we found that persons with a TST ≥ 15 mm were less likely to have
miliary or combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease, but more likely to have
cavitary pulmonary disease relative to non-cavitary pulmonary disease ( and Figure
2). However, we found statistical interaction between TST result and the covariates
of age, sex, HIV status, and birthplace. Because of an a priori interest in the
potential for HIV status and birthplace to influence immune system priming and
immune status, we chose to stratify the analysis by HIV status and birthplace ( and
Figure 2). Age and sex were retained in the subsequent regression models but in the
interest of presenting a focused analysis we did not stratify on them. The other
covariates did not appreciably impact the regression models.
Ads by OffersWizard
Ad Options
Table 2. Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and
tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for
age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States,
1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
Miliary disease
Pulmonary &
Extrapulmonary disease
Extrapulmonary only
disease
Cavitary pulmonary
disease
aOR* 95% CI*
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
HIV+/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.96
0.47,
1.95
0.72
0.42, 1.22
1.29 0.81, 2.06 1.11
0.64,
1.94
10–14
mm
0.72
0.51,
1.01
0.81
0.65, 1.01
1.23 1.00, 1.53 1.36
1.07,
1.72
≥ 15 mm 0.50
0.37,
0.68
0.86
0.72, 1.03
1.09 0.91, 1.31 1.56
1.29,
1.90
HIV+/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.18
0.02,
1.29
0.93
0.49, 1.79
1.01 0.53, 1.94 1.68
0.75,
3.75
10–14
mm
0.66
0.42,
1.04
0.80
0.60, 1.08
0.96 0.71, 1.28 1.85
1.27,
2.69
≥ 15 mm 0.59
0.40,
0.86
0.65
0.50, 0.84
1.16 0.92, 1.47 2.20
1.60,
3.02
HIV-/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.77
0.43,
1.38
1.09
0.78, 1.52
1.05 0.79, 1.39 1.32 1.11, 1.56
10–14
mm
0.49
0.37,
0.66
0.77
0.64, 0.91
1.05 0.92, 1.20 1.09
1.00,
1.18
≥ 15 mm 0.41
0.32,
0.53
0.80
0.70, 0.93
1.11
0.99, 1.24 1.11
1.03,
1.20
HIV-/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.56
0.34,
0.93
0.61
0.43, 0.86
0.82 0.63, 1.06 0.84
0.69,
1.04
10–14
mm
0.22
0.16,
0.30
0.51
0.42, 0.62
0.85 0.74, 0.99 0.92
0.82,
1.03
≥ 15 mm 0.19
0.15,
0.25
0.56
0.48, 0.67
1.03 0.90, 1.17 0.81
0.73,
0.90
Non-cavitary pulmonary disease, with the largest number of cases, is the referent
clinical category and 0–4 mm (negative) is the referent TST category for all
comparisons.
*aOR adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval.
Note: Numbers in bold represent significant 95% confidence intervals.
Table 2. Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and
tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for
age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States,
1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
Miliary disease
Pulmonary &
Extrapulmonary disease
Extrapulmonary only
disease
Cavitary pulmonary
disease
aOR* 95% CI*
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
HIV+/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.96
0.47,
1.95
0.72
0.42, 1.22
1.29 0.81, 2.06 1.11
0.64,
1.94
10–14
mm
0.72
0.51,
1.01
0.81
0.65, 1.01
1.23 1.00, 1.53 1.36
1.07,
1.72
≥ 15 mm 0.50
0.37,
0.68
0.86
0.72, 1.03
1.09 0.91, 1.31 1.56
1.29,
1.90
HIV+/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.18
0.02,
1.29
0.93
0.49, 1.79
1.01 0.53, 1.94 1.68
0.75,
3.75
10–14
mm
0.66
0.42,
1.04
0.80
0.60, 1.08
0.96 0.71, 1.28 1.85
1.27,
2.69
≥ 15 mm 0.59
0.40,
0.86
0.65
0.50, 0.84
1.16 0.92, 1.47 2.20
1.60,
3.02
HIV-/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.77 0.43,
1.09
0.78, 1.52
1.05 0.79, 1.39 1.32 1.11, 1.56
1.38
10–14
mm
0.49
0.37,
0.66
0.77
0.64, 0.91
1.05 0.92, 1.20 1.09
1.00,
1.18
≥ 15 mm 0.41
0.32,
0.53
0.80
0.70, 0.93
1.11
0.99, 1.24 1.11
1.03,
1.20
HIV-/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.56
0.34,
0.93
0.61
0.43, 0.86
0.82 0.63, 1.06 0.84
0.69,
1.04
10–14
mm
0.22
0.16,
0.30
0.51
0.42, 0.62
0.85 0.74, 0.99 0.92
0.82,
1.03
≥ 15 mm 0.19
0.15,
0.25
0.56
0.48, 0.67
1.03 0.90, 1.17 0.81
0.73,
0.90
Non-cavitary pulmonary disease, with the largest number of cases, is the referent
clinical category and 0–4 mm (negative) is the referent TST category for all
comparisons.
*aOR adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval.
Note: Numbers in bold represent significant 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 2.
Association between TST result and clinical presentation of disease relative to
a TST of 0–4 mm and relative to non-cavitary pulmonary disease, stratified by
HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for age and sex (N = 64,238). The log of
the adjusted odds ratio and their 95% confidence intervals are presented.
Across all strata, persons with a TST ≥ 15 mm had significantly decreased odds of
miliary disease relative to non-cavitary pulmonary disease. (Non-cavitary pulmonary
disease will continue to be the referent group for all subsequent comparisons.) The
inverse relationship between a positive TST and miliary disease was strongest
among persons without HIV for whom those with a TST ≥ 15 mm had 59–81% lower
odds of having miliary disease (US-born adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.41 [95%
confidence interval [CI] 0.32, 0.53]; foreign-born aOR 0.19 [95% CI 0.15, 0.25]) ( and
Figure 2). Persons with HIV who had a TST ≥ 15 mm had 41–50% lower odds of
having miliary disease (US-born aOR 0.50 [95% CI 0.37, 0.68]; foreign-born aOR
0.59 [95% CI 0.40, 0.86]). Persons with a TST of 5–9 mm or 10–14 mm also had
decreased odds of miliary disease; however, the associations were not consistently
statistically significant.
Ads by OffersWizard
Ad Options
Table 2. Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and
tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for
age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States,
1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
Miliary disease
Pulmonary &
Extrapulmonary disease
Extrapulmonary only
disease
Cavitary pulmonary
disease
aOR* 95% CI*
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
HIV+/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.96
0.47,
1.95
0.72
0.42, 1.22
1.29 0.81, 2.06 1.11
0.64,
1.94
10–14
mm
0.72
0.51,
1.01
0.81
0.65, 1.01
1.23 1.00, 1.53 1.36
1.07,
1.72
≥ 15 mm 0.50
0.37,
0.68
0.86
0.72, 1.03
1.09 0.91, 1.31 1.56
1.29,
1.90
HIV+/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.18
0.02,
1.29
0.93
0.49, 1.79
1.01 0.53, 1.94 1.68
0.75,
3.75
10–14
0.66 0.42,
0.80
0.60, 1.08
0.96 0.71, 1.28 1.85
1.27,
mm
1.04
2.69
≥ 15 mm 0.59
0.40,
0.86
0.65
0.50, 0.84
1.16 0.92, 1.47 2.20
1.60,
3.02
HIV-/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.77
0.43,
1.38
1.09
0.78, 1.52
1.05 0.79, 1.39 1.32 1.11, 1.56
10–14
mm
0.49
0.37,
0.66
0.77
0.64, 0.91
1.05 0.92, 1.20 1.09
1.00,
1.18
≥ 15 mm 0.41
0.32,
0.53
0.80
0.70, 0.93
1.11
0.99, 1.24 1.11
1.03,
1.20
HIV-/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.56
0.34,
0.93
0.61
0.43, 0.86
0.82 0.63, 1.06 0.84
0.69,
1.04
10–14
mm
0.22
0.16,
0.30
0.51
0.42, 0.62
0.85 0.74, 0.99 0.92
0.82,
1.03
≥ 15 mm 0.19
0.15,
0.25
0.56
0.48, 0.67
1.03 0.90, 1.17 0.81
0.73,
0.90
Non-cavitary pulmonary disease, with the largest number of cases, is the referent
clinical category and 0–4 mm (negative) is the referent TST category for all
comparisons.
*aOR adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval.
Note: Numbers in bold represent significant 95% confidence intervals.
Persons with a positive TST were also less likely to have combined pulmonary and
extrapulmonary disease. However, the associations were not as strong as those
seen with miliary disease ( and Figure 2). Persons without HIV who had a TST ≥ 15
mm were significantly less likely to have combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary
disease and the strength of association was stronger among foreign-born persons
than US-born persons (foreign-born aOR 0.56 [95% CI 0.48, 0.67]; US-born aOR
0.80 [95% CI 0.70, 0.93]). Among persons with HIV, the association between TST
result and having combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease was significant
for foreign-born persons with a TST of ≥ 15 mm (aOR 0.65 [95% CI 0.50, 0.84]) but
not for US-born persons (aOR 0.86 [95% CI 0.72, 1.03]).
Table 2. Multinomial associations between clinical presentation of disease and
tuberculin skin test (TST) result stratified by HIV status and birthplace and adjusted for
age and sex among selected culture confirmed TB cases reported in the United States,
1993–2010 (N = 64,238)
Miliary disease
Pulmonary &
Extrapulmonary disease
Extrapulmonary only
disease
Cavitary pulmonary
disease
aOR* 95% CI*
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
aOR
95% CI
HIV+/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.96
0.47,
1.95
0.72
0.42, 1.22
1.29 0.81, 2.06 1.11
0.64,
1.94
10–14
mm
0.72
0.51,
1.01
0.81
0.65, 1.01
1.23 1.00, 1.53 1.36
1.07,
1.72
≥ 15 mm 0.50
0.37,
0.68
0.86
0.72, 1.03
1.09 0.91, 1.31 1.56
1.29,
1.90
HIV+/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.18
0.02,
1.29
0.93
0.49, 1.79
1.01 0.53, 1.94 1.68
0.75,
3.75
10–14
mm
0.66
0.42,
1.04
0.80
0.60, 1.08
0.96 0.71, 1.28 1.85
1.27,
2.69
≥ 15 mm 0.59 0.40,
0.65
0.50, 0.84
1.16 0.92, 1.47 2.20
1.60,
0.86
3.02
HIV-/US
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.77
0.43,
1.38
1.09
0.78, 1.52
1.05 0.79, 1.39 1.32 1.11, 1.56
10–14
mm
0.49
0.37,
0.66
0.77
0.64, 0.91
1.05 0.92, 1.20 1.09
1.00,
1.18
≥ 15 mm 0.41
0.32,
0.53
0.80
0.70, 0.93
1.11
0.99, 1.24 1.11
1.03,
1.20
HIV-/FB
0–4 mm
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
5–9 mm 0.56
0.34,
0.93
0.61
0.43, 0.86
0.82 0.63, 1.06 0.84
0.69,
1.04
10–14
mm
0.22
0.16,
0.30
0.51
0.42, 0.62
0.85 0.74, 0.99 0.92
0.82,
1.03
≥ 15 mm 0.19
0.15,
0.25
0.56
0.48, 0.67
1.03 0.90, 1.17 0.81
0.73,
0.90
Non-cavitary pulmonary disease, with the largest number of cases, is the referent
clinical category and 0–4 mm (negative) is the referent TST category for all
comparisons.
*aOR adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval.
Note: Numbers in bold represent significant 95% confidence intervals.
US-born persons without HIV and all persons with HIV who had a TST ≥ 15 mm
were significantly more likely to have cavitary pulmonary disease. The strength of
association was greatest for foreign-born persons with HIV where those with a TST
of ≥ 15 mm had an aOR of 2.20 (95% CI 1.60, 3.02) for having cavitary pulmonary
disease. In contrast, foreign-born persons without HIV who had a positive TST were
less likely to have cavitary pulmonary disease (aOR 0.81 [95% CI 0.73–0.90] for
TST ≥ 15 mm).
With regard to extrapulmonary only disease, there were no consistent differences
between the odds of extrapulmonary disease and non-cavitary pulmonary disease
by TST result.
TST Result and Sputum Smear Positivity
Among persons with exclusively pulmonary disease, 50% of those with non-cavitary
disease and 83% of those with cavitary disease had a positive sputum smear (). For
persons with non-cavitary pulmonary disease, the odds of having a positive sputum
smear result for AFB were significantly decreased among those with a TST ≥ 10 mm.
Foreign-born persons with HIV who had a TST ≥ 15 mm had half the odds of having
a positive sputum smear when compared to those with a negative TST (aOR 0.50
[95% CI 0.39–0.65]). However, among persons with cavitary pulmonary disease,
TST had no consistent association with sputum smear status.
Table 3. Association between TST result and sputum smear result for AFB among
persons with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB, stratified by HIV status and birthplace
and adjusted for age and sex (N = 46,680)
Non-cavitary pulmonary disease
Cavitary pulmonary disease
Total
Smear-positive
(%)
aOR* 95% CI*
Total
Smear-positive
(%)
aOR
95% CI
HIV+/US
0–4 mm
1,073
651 (61)
Ref
183
135 (74)
Ref
5–9 mm
79
44 (56)
0.78
0.49,
1.24
16
14 (88)
2.66
0.58,
12.27
10–14
mm
603
317 (53)
Dostları ilə paylaş: |