Goals and standards
The Joint Commission’s Comprehensive
Accreditation Manual for Hospitals contains
16 NPSGs and approximately 475 standards.
A primary focus in health care organizations
should be on complying with the goals. Each
NPSG but not every standard is reviewed on
every survey. In addition, compliance with
each NPSG is publicly disclosed on the Joint
Commission’s website, but not performance
with each standard. A NPSG is sometimes
retired, usually because satisfactory compli-
ance has been demonstrated with accredited
organizations, at which point, the NPSG is
integrated into the standards.
The NPSGs undergo a multi-committee
approval process with extensive input from
frontline practitioners. The goals are very
prescriptive; however, an organization can
propose an alternative approach to meet the
intent of the goal. Proposed alternatives are
reviewed on a case-by-case basis by the same
expert panel that developed the goal.
NPSG 03.05.01
This new requirement applies only to
organizations that provide anticoagulation
therapy. This usually includes most hospitals.
An ambulatory care organization in which
anticoagulant medications are not pre-
Table 1. National Patient Safety Goal 3:
Improve the safety of using medications
• Requirement 03.05.01: Reduce likelihood of patient harm associated
with the use of anticoagulant therapy
• Elements of Performance (EPs); surveyors’ score
• FAQs: interpret and refine EPs
• Must be reviewed on every survey (unlike standards)
• Results are publicly disclosed
• Effective January 1, 2009
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Executive Summary Conference Report
9th Invited Conference: Improving Heparin Safety
scribed, dispensed or administered is not
subject to the goal, even though patients
who are being treated with warfarin may
be cared for and have a clinical pharmacist
who is responsible for monitoring therapy.
Requirement 03.05.01 is currently limited to
warfarin, heparin and LMWH and does not
include anti-platelets, heparinoids or other
anticoagulants. The focus is on the therapeu-
tic use of anticoagulants, not catheter flushes
or short-term prophylactic use of these medi-
cations, where the intent is to keep laboratory
tests within the normal range.
NPSG 03.05.01: EPs
For any NSPG requirement, the first and
last EPs serve as bookends that begin with
program implementation and end with pro-
gram evaluation.
1. The organization implements a defined
anticoagulation management program to
individualize care provided to each patient
receiving anticoagulation therapy.
For NSPG 03.05.01, the first EP is that a
hospital has a defined program; that is, a writ-
ten description of the program.
2. To reduce compounding and labeling errors
the organization uses ONLY oral unit-dose
products, prefilled syringes and pre-mixed
infusions when these products are available.
For inpatients, the Joint Commission
requires the use of a unit-dose product when
it is commercially available from a manu-
facturer in that form. The pharmacy must
purchase the manufacturer’s product; the
only exception is when all medications are
packaged by a robot. When available, the use
of infusions premixed by the manufacturer
are also required. For example, a pharmacy
cannot prepare a 10,000-unit/L bag, because
that product is commercially available. Except
for pediatrics, the manufacturer’s prefilled
syringe must be used, but only if the dose
ordered is equivalent to the dose in the
syringe.
3. The organization uses approved protocols for
initiation and maintenance of anticoagula-
tion therapy appropriate to the medication
used, to the condition being treated, and to
the potential for drug interactions.
The Joint Commission has received many
questions about how specific protocols need
to be. Protocols should allow for variability in
clinical decision making, but have standard-
ization of practices, such as how treatment
is monitored, when and by whom. The pro-
tocol should be viewed as a guideline, and
is similar to a standardized sliding scale for
insulin therapy, with additional components
for laboratory testing, monitoring activities,
etc. The goal of the protocol is to reduce
adverse drug events. The protocol should
include the roles of nurses and pharmacists,
not just physicians. The protocol should also
address rescue and response to adverse drug
reactions.
4. For patients being started on warfarin a
baseline international normalized ratio
(INR) is available and for all patients receiv-
ing warfarin therapy, a current INR is avail-
able and is used to monitor and adjust
therapy.
This EP specifies the use of the INR to
monitor warfarin therapy. Pharmacists cannot
dispense warfarin unless there is a baseline
INR or current INR to determine that the
dose is appropriate for a particular patient.
Note: the Joint Commission considers a base-
line INR as an INR taken before the patient
is being treated with warfarin. It does not
mean an admission INR, when the patient
is already being treated with warfarin. The
organization needs to define how current an
INR is required before admission to be used in
allowing warfarin dosing.
5. When dietary services are provided, the ser-
vice is notified of all patients receiving warfa-
rin and responds according to its established
food-drug interaction program.
If there is a dietary service (specifically clinical
dietitians), they must be notified of all patients
being treated with warfarin, regardless of
whether the dietary department responds
with diet changes or not.
6. When heparin is administered intravenously
and continuously, the organization uses pro-
grammable infusion pumps.
Although most hospitals use program-
mable pumps, many dial-a-flow and gravity
pumps are still used in home care.
7. The organization has a policy that address-
es baseline and ongoing laboratory tests
that are required for heparin and LMWH
therapies.
Organizations are allowed to specify which
tests they use to monitor heparin and LMWH.
Use of anti-Xa activity to monitor LMWH is not
required. Small and rural hospitals often do
not have that capability and may use platelets
or complete blood counts to monitor LMWH
therapy. The medical staff will decide about
the laboratory tests that will be used at each
organization. The expectation is that tests are
available and a written policy defines how
they are to be used and how anticoagulant
therapy is to be monitored.
8. The organization provides education regard-
ing anticoagulation therapy to prescribers,
staff, patients and family.
An organization must ensure that pre-
scribers are well informed about the latest
developments in anticoagulation therapy and
their protocols. Staff members including nurs-
es, dietitians and pharmacists should receive
in-service training and patients and families
should receive appropriate education includ-
ing the importance of follow-up monitoring,
compliance issues, dietary restrictions, and
potential for adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
and interactions. Preprinted education mate-
rials need to be reviewed for inclusion of
these components. If missing, supplemental
information may be needed.
Executive Summary Conference Report
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9th Invited Conference: Improving Heparin Safety
9. Organization evaluates anticoagulation
safety practices, takes appropriate action to
improve its practices and measures the effec-
tiveness of those actions on a regular basis.
The final EP is to have a process for ongo-
ing measurement and assessment of the qual-
ity of anticoagulant therapy and a continuous
improvement program.
Related NPSGs
Other NPSGs related to anticoagulation
therapy are shown in Table 2. NPSG 01.01.01
requires identifying the patient before giv-
ing the medication by using two unique
patient identifiers, not just the room number.
Surprisingly often, this is not done. NSPG
02.02.01 requires that a verbal order for hepa-
rin be read back to the prescriber.
Using medical abbreviations (NPSG
02.02.01) is one of the most frequent areas
of non-compliance. One organization was
certain they had solved their medication
abbreviation problem and challenged the
Joint Commission surveyor to find one “U”
anywhere in their charts. About 500 “U”s were
found.
Organizations are required to define the
timeframe for reporting a critical test result
(NPSG 02.03.01). For example, if an INR were
extremely abnormal, how quickly can the
physician be notified? A program to measure,
assess and approve the timeliness of report-
ing must be implemented. This is the most
frequent non-compliant NPSG.
Organizations also are frequently non-
compliant with NPSG 02.05.01, which requires
using a standardized approach to ensure
hand-off communications including medica-
tions, especially if a patient is being treated
with heparin.
NPSG 03.03.01 addresses medications
that look and/or sound alike. There are other
medications that look like or have names that
sound similar to heparin and organizations
are required to have these medications on a
list of such agents to have interventions to
prevent errors.
NPSG 03.04.01 requires organizations to
label all medication solutions in procedural
areas. Non-compliance is frequently observed
in cardiac catheterization laboratories, such as
flush solutions that are drawn from a bag of
heparin and syringes that are not labeled.
Medication reconciliation is required by NPSG
8. Finally, NPSG 13 requires that patients be
encouraged to be involved in their own safety
and to report any issues they see.
Summary
The aim of NPSG 03.05.01 is to reduce the
likelihood of patient harm associated with
anticoagulant therapy and is effective January
1, 2009. This new requirement has nine EPs,
which are explained in the Joint Commission’s
online FAQs and will be evaluated and scored
by Joint Commission surveyors. The results
of these surveys will be publicly disclosed on
the Joint Commission’s website. Among the
related NPSGs, hospitals are most often non-
compliant with NPSG 02.02.01, 02.03.01 and
02.05.01.
Reference
1. www.jointcommission.org
Table 2. Related NPSG Requirements
• NPSG 01.01.01: Use at least two patient identifiers.
• NPSG 02.01.01: Read back of verbal orders.
• NPSG 02.02.01: Do not use abbreviations (e.g., “U” for units, leading or trailing zero).
• NPSG 02.03.01: Report critical tests and critical test result values in a timely manner.
• NPSG 02.05.01: Use a standardized approach to handoff communications, including
an opportunity to ask and respond to questions.
• NPSG 03.03.01: Annual review a list of look-alike, sound-alike drugs used by the
organization and take action to prevent errors involving the interchange of these drugs.
• NPSG 03.04,01: Label all medications and solutions in procedural areas.
• NPSG 8: Accurately and completely reconcile medications across the continuum of care.
• NPSG 13: Encourage the patient’s active involvement in their own care as a
patient safety strategy.
PROCEEDINGS
9th Invited Conference: Improving Heparin Safety
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Executive Summary Conference Report
Key points
• The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) receives and analyzes reports of medication
errors, helps develop practice recommendations and advocates for necessary changes to
improve patient safety.
• High-profile reports of heparin overdoses will likely stimulate changes in product labeling, use
of barcode systems and other medication safety technologies.
• Based on an analysis of medication error reports, there are many well known reasons for
heparin errors.
• The ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment® for Antithrombotic Therapy for Hospitals
allows hospitals to assess safety and compare their performance to other organizations.
• Being proactive in addressing heparin medication issues is important to improving the safety
and quality of therapy.
Heparin Medication Errors:
Failure Modes Associated with Administration
Michael R. Cohen, RPh, MS, ScD, Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Huntingdon Valley, PA
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP) operates a unique national volun-
tary reporting program for medication errors.
Front-line practitioners and consumers can
contact ISMP to tell their story. ISMP analyzes
not data but stories, and uses the informa-
tion to help develop evidence-based, peer-
reviewed practice recommendations. With
ongoing communication with practitioners,
regulatory authorities and the pharmaceuti-
cal industry, ISMP advocates for necessary
changes to improve medication use and safety.
ISMP also works with a unique mandatory
state reporting program, the Pennsylvania
Patient Safety Reporting Program. State
statute mandates that all hospitals, birthing
centers, surgery centers and other facilities
submit incident reports. ISMP receives all the
medication-related reports and can contact
the facilities, as necessary. This allows the
investigation of anecdotal reports and data
to identify issues in ways that cannot be
done with a voluntary practitioner reporting
program. As partners in the Food and Drug
Administration’s (FDA) MedWatch program,
ISMP also shares narrative and other forms of
information with the FDA.
Recent events such as the heparin over-
dose administered to the infant twins of actor
Dennis Quaid and his wife received exten-
sive media attention and will likely affect
the entire industry by stimulating changes
in product labeling and the acquisition of
barcode systems to help to prevent product
mix-ups. The use of other technologies such
as smart pumps and computerized prescriber
order entry (CPOE) also continues to grow. In
2007, more than 40% of hospitals now had
acquired smart pumps and about 22% had
barcode systems
1
.
The Quaids decided to sue the pharma-
ceutical manufacturer for providing contain-
ers that allegedly looked alike—this was the
first time that a pharmaceutical company
was sued specifically for this reason. That
this was not the first such incident undoubt-
edly played a role in their decision to sue.
Today, there has been a significant change
in the appearance of the higher-concentra-
tion heparin vial (Figure 1). The FDA is now
requesting that other heparin manufacturers
adopt enhanced labeling, which will prob-
ably be requested for other medications, as
well. These changes, along with barcoding,
should help to reduce a problem that has
been talked about for years.
A major issue is the need to be proactive,
not reactive. After the first incident at an
Indiana hospital, the pharmaceutical com-
pany had sent out a “Dear Pharmacy Director”
letter and ISMP had issued warnings and
written about this potential for potentially
life–threatening error. Necessary information
is available from many sources. Not paying
attention, not acting on this information is,
unfortunately, all too often the norm. This is
an important issue in addressing the prob-
lems seen today.
Root causes
Look-alike labeling is not the only issue
when product mix-ups occur. ISMP analysis
has identified the following as some of the
root causes of common errors and those that
have led to fatalities.
Executive Summary Conference Report
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9th Invited Conference: Improving Heparin Safety
Failed check systems
High-risk medication errors are also related
to failures in medication distribution, storage,
check systems and documentation. Issues
such as poor lighting, e.g., working in dark
areas, have contributed to difficulties in read-
ing labels. Whether the medication was stored
in an automated dispensing cabinet or satel-
lite pharmacy, the check system failed.
Confirmation bias
In at least one of the recent heparin inci-
dents, confirmation bias was a major issue. An
area of the automated dispensing cabinet had
always held the appropriate 10 unit/mL vials
and confirmation bias led the clinician to see
what was expected, not what was there.
Preparation of critical medications on
the nursing unit
These issues also reinforce the need to
stop preparation of critical medications, espe-
cially high-alert drugs, on the nursing units,
except in extreme emergencies. However,
when ISMP is called to respond to a sentinel
event or to consult at hospitals, drug prepara-
tion on the nursing units is frequently seen,
despite recommendations by ISMP and the
Joint Commission that discourage the prac-
tice.
Duplicate or concurrent therapy
This is still a serious problem, even though
it has been lessened by medication reconcilia-
tion and safety software such as CPOE. People
still come into the emergency room, receive
LMWH and about an hour later upon transfer
to an inpatient area are placed on hepa-
rin, which has led to fatal hemorrhages. One
reason is that the emergency department’s
(ED) software is separate from the rest of the
hospital. Even if the ED uses automated dis-
pensing cabinets and the charge is captured,
that information is not sent to the pharmacy
computer system, so no alert is generated
for duplicate therapy. Medication reconcili-
ation appears to have reduced this danger.
Improved software and 23-hour admissions
that use the pharmacy computer system are
very helpful. Recommendations for address-
ing duplicate therapy are shown in the Table.
Accidental discontinuation of therapy
Medication reconciliation is an important
aspect for addressing this issue. Many hospi-
tals regularly print out a list of medications the
patient is receiving, but medical staff does not
understand how important it is to review this
information. Pushing for greater compliance
in this regard could help prevent this type of
error.
Look-alike vials or syringes
These types of errors include mix-ups
among various concentrations of heparin
packaged in vials or bags, mix-ups between
heparin vials and other look-alike vials (e.g.,
insulin, saline), mix-ups between heparin flush
syringes and other look-alike syringes (e.g.
saline flush, low molecular weight heparin
[LMWH]) and confusion between look-alike
bags of IV heparin, lidocaine and Hespan
(hetastarch). Different concentrations of other
drugs are also confused as the result of prob-
lems in labeling, similar colors and similar
look to the rubber target. The ISMP has used
findings from the reporting program to go to
the pharmaceutical companies and advocate
for change, which, over the years, has resulted
in major changes in labeling and packaging
of both syringes and IV bags (Figure 2).
Packaging-related problems
A former packaging concept used by
some manufacturers was a specially designed
IV bag that separates the active drug from
the diluent to avoid stability problems with
dextrose. To treat patients with pulmonary
embolism or deep vein thrombosis, a clinician
had to fracture a piece of plastic to allow the
drug to go into the diluent. If this is not done,
only plain diluent goes to the patient.
Syringes such as those for Lovonox are
Table. Addressing Duplicate Therapy
Figure 1. Old and New Labeling: Hep-Lock 10 units/mL and Heparin 10,000 units/mL
• Computer alerts for duplicate therapy
• Carefully consider current and recent
drug therapy before ordering, dispens-
ing and administering any heparin
product.
• Protocols, guidelines and standard
order forms (including those used for
cardiac catheterization) should promi-
nently remind practitioners to assess
all drug therapy to avoid concomitant
use.
• One hospital told us that they affix
alert stickers stating, "Patient on low
molecular weight heparin," to the front
of the chart to help communicate this
information to all who provide care to
the patient.
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Executive Summary Conference Report
9th Invited Conference: Improving Heparin Safety
packaged as unit doses, e.g., 30 mg, but do
not have any scale to use in administering a
partial dose, which has led to errors.
IV admixture errors have occurred when
the hospital standard concentration of a
commercially available product is not used.
Dosing charts and smart pumps can help
eliminate many serious problems with this
issue, but in some organizations nurses con-
tinue to mix heparin on the patient care unit.
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