Next generation access networks
The definition of next generation access networks is usually specific to investment in fibre in the local
loop, i.e. fibre replacing copper local loops, able to deliver next generation access services – i.e. an array of
innovative services, including those requiring high bandwidth (voice, high-speed data, TV and video). In
general, this is the definition used in a number of national initiatives by OECD countries in examining
NGN. However, while next generation access networks tend to refer to a specific technological
deployment, there are other technologies which can compete in providing some of the services which it is
envisaged will be provided by NGNs. There are also other technologies which may not be able to fully
compete with NGN access networks in terms of capacity and the plethora of bundled offers which NGNs
can provide, but may be perfectly suitable for users who do not have the need for high capacity access.
The different technologies available include existing copper networks upgraded to DSL, coaxial cable
networks, powerline communications, high speed wireless networks, or hybrid deployments of these
technologies. Although fibre, in particular point-to-point fibre development, is often described as the most
“future proof” of network technologies to deliver next generation access,
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there are likely to be a number
of alternative and complementary options for deployment of access infrastructures by incumbent
telecommunications operators, and new entrants.
Cable
Cable television (CATV) operators have begun to upgrade their infrastructure to hybrid fibre copper
(HFC) allowing for bidirectional traffic and using Docsis
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technology to increase network capacity. These
developments are allowing CATV companies to offer voice and Internet access (data services) in
competition with telecommunication companies which through their offer of Internet TV have begun to
compete with CATV companies. Offering data and voice services, in addition to television, helps cable
companies differentiate their product offering from satellite providers.
The bandwidth provided by cable networks, using Docsis 3.0, will allow for 160 Mbit/s downstream
and 120 Mbit/s upstream for end-users. This, however, will have to be shared by end-users. Typically there
are 500-1 000 subscribers on a single local distribution point,
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which can be brought down to about 250 on
average, thanks to the application of the DocSis standard.
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This new technology is only just entering the
market, with services based on this standard becoming available at the end of 2008.
Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
BWA technologies aim at providing high speed wireless access over a wide area. Certain early fixed-
wireless access technologies, such as Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and Multichannel
Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS), never gained widespread market adoption. WiMAX
technologies, – the IEEE 802.16 set of standards that are the foundation of WiMAX certification, and
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
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similar wireless broadband technologies, are expected to address some of these shortcomings, and fill
market gaps left by wired networks, or compete with wired access providers.
The WiMAX Forum has estimated that new WiMAX equipment will be capable of sending
high-speed data over long distances (a theoretical 40 Mbit/s over 3 to 10 kilometres, in a line-of-sight fixed
environment). When users are connected at the same time, capacity sharing will significantly reduce
speeds for individual users sharing the same capacity.
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Wi-Fi (or wireless fidelity) refers to wireless local area networks that use one of several standards in
the 802.11 family. Wi-Fi allows LANs to be deployed without cabling for client devices, typically
reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Due to its affordability, scalability and
versatility, its popularity has spread to rural and urban area. Wi-Fi range is usually limited to about 45 m
indoor and 90 m outdoors, however Wi-Fi technologies can also be configured into point-to-point and
point-to-multipoint networks in order to improve their range and provide last mile fixed wireless
broadband access. One way to serve remote areas which cannot be reached with the above-mentioned
technologies, is with wireless “mesh” solutions. They often include a satellite backhaul connection through
Very Small Aperture Terminals, usually coupled with wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi. This
combination allows access to telecommunication and data services even to more remote areas, albeit with
limited (and expensive) bandwidth.
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Terrestrial wireless services offer the opportunity to deploy competing access infrastructure.
However, they may offer different service characteristics to fixed-line services in terms of coverage,
symmetry and speeds. These networks may be less suitable to deliver sustained high bandwidth
connections for larger numbers of users, or for high bandwidth applications, such as High Definition TV
on demand
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In addition, wireless service deployments are constrained by spectrum availability. At the same
time, the economics of their deployment is often relatively scalable, which means that they have lower
economic barriers to entry compared to fibre deployments.
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Therefore while not a complete substitute,
they can complement wireline networks and be an alternative provider in certain areas or for specific
services.
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