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Many plants, for example, disperse their seeds via the wind or in the guts of animals; these seeds may introduce
s common in the source population to a new population in which they are rare.
Figure 58.
When an individual moves from one geographic location to
another and joins a
different population of the same species, gene flow occurs. The brown is introduced into the
green population
38
.
4.2 Reading Resource #4:
Evidence of Evolution
Evolutionary evidence is compelling and extensive. Biologists can see the imprint of past and present
evolution at every level of organization in living systems. Darwin devoted a large portion of his book, On the
Origin of Species, to identifying natural patterns that were consistent with evolution, and our understanding
has grown clearer and broader since Darwin.
Fossils
Fossils show a progression of evolution and provide solid evidence that organisms from the past are
not the same as those found today. Scientists around the world determine the age of fossils and categorize them
to determine when organisms lived relative to one another. The resulting fossil record tells the story of the past
and demonstrates how form evolved over millions of years (Figure 59). For example, highly detailed fossil
records for species sequences in the evolution of whales and modern horses have been recovered. The fossil
record of horses in North America is particularly rich, with many transition fossils
showing intermediate
anatomy between earlier and later forms. The fossil record goes back to a dog-like ancestor 55 million years
ago, which gave rise to the first horse-like species in the genus Eohippus 55 to 42 million years ago. The fossil
series depicts the change in anatomy caused by a gradual drying trend that transformed the landscape from
forested to prairie. Successive fossils show the evolution of tooth shapes and foot and leg anatomy to a grazing
habit, with adaptations for evading predators, such as Mesohippus species discovered between 40 and 30
million years ago. Later species, such as Hipparion, which lived between 23 and 2 million years ago, grew.
The fossil record reveals several adaptive radiations in the horse lineage, which has
now been greatly reduced
to a single genus, Equus, with several species.
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Fowler, S.,Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2017)
Concepts in Biology,
Chapter 11, -Pp. 255-258) OpenStax,
https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology
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Figure 59.
Artist renderings of these species derived from fossils of the horse's and its ancestors'
evolutionary history. Only four species are depicted from a very diverse
lineage with many branches, dead
ends, and adaptive radiations. One of the trends depicted here is the evolutionary tracking of a drying
climate and increase in
prairie versus forest habitat, which is reflected in forms more adapted to grazing and
predator escape via running. Przewalski's horse is one of the few remaining horse species.
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