4.3 Reading Resource #3 : Speciation without Geographic Separation If there are no physical barriers separating individuals who continue to live and reproduce in the same
habitat, can divergence still happen? Numerous hypothesized and investigated sympatric speciation
mechanisms have been put forth.
A chromosomal mistake during meiosis or the creation of a hybrid with an excessive number of
chromosomes can be the starting point for one type of sympatric speciation. A cell or organism that is polyploid
has an additional set (or sets) of chromosomes. Two primary forms of polyploidy that can result in reproductive
isolation of an individual in the polyploid state have been distinguished by scientists. A condition known as
autopolyploidy occurs when a polyploid individual has two or more complete sets of chromosomes from its
own species (Figure 65). The term refers to numerous chromosomes from one's own species because the prefix
"auto" means "self." A meiotic error that causes all the chromosomes to merge into one cell rather than separate
results in polyploidy.
Figure 65. When cytokinesis does not follow mitosis, autopolyploidy occurs.
The gametes now have twice as many chromosomes as they should if, for instance, a plant species
with 2n = 6 produces autopolyploid gametes that are also diploid (2
n = 6, when they should be
n = 3). These
new gametes won't mix with the regular gametes that this plant species produces. But they could either self-
pollinate or reproduce with other autopolyploid plants with gametes having the same diploid number. In this
way, sympatric speciation can occur quickly by forming offspring with 4n called a tetraploid. As soon as
possible, these individuals would be able to reproduce only with members of this new kind and not the ancestral
species. The other type of polyploidy, known as an allopolyploid, is brought on by the reproduction of
individuals from two different species. Gametes from two different species combine to form an allopolyploid
because the prefix "allo" means "other" (recall from allopatric). Figure 66 illustrates one possible way an
allopolyploidy can form. Take note of the fact that the resultant viable fertile hybrid only emerges after two
generations, or two reproductive acts.