4.3 Reading Resource #2 : Isolation If the two isolated populations are brought back together and the hybrid offspring that formed from
matings between individuals of the two populations have lower survivorship or reduced fertility, then selection
will favor individuals that are able to discriminate between potential mates of their own population and the
other population. This selection will enhance reproductive isolation. Isolation of populations can occur in a
variety of ways, including a river forming a new branch, erosion forming a new valley, or a group of organisms
traveling to a new location without the ability to return, such as seeds floating over the ocean to an island. The
nature of the geographic separation required to isolate populations is entirely determined by the organism's
biology and dispersal potential. If two flying insect populations settled in separate nearby valleys, individuals
from each population would most likely fly back and forth, allowing gene flow to continue. However, if two
rodent populations are separated by the formation of a new lake, continued gene flow is unlikely, and thus
speciation is more likely. Biologists group allopatric processes into two categories. If a few members of a
species move to a new geographical area, this is called
dispersal . If a natural situation arises to physically
divide organisms, this is called
vicariance . Scientists have documented numerous cases of allopatric speciation
taking place. For example, along the west coast of the United States, two separate subspecies of spotted owls
exist. The Mexican spotted owl, a close relative of the northern spotted owl that lives in the south, differs from
it in terms of genetics and phenotype. (Figure 63). The cause of their initial separation is not clear, but it may
have been caused by the glaciers of the ice age dividing an initial population into two.