Mutation Mutation is a source of new s in a population. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene.
A mutation can change one into another, but the net effect is a change in frequency. The change in frequency
resulting from mutation is small, so its effect on evolution is small unless it interacts with one of the other
factors, such as selection. A mutation may produce an that is selected against, selected for, or selectively
neutral. Harmful mutations are removed from the population by selection and will generally only be found in
very low frequencies equal to the mutation rate. Beneficial mutations will spread through the population
through selection, although that initial spread is slow. Whether or not a mutation is beneficial or harmful is
determined by whether it helps an organism survive to sexual maturity and reproduce. It should be noted that
mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation in all populations—new s, and, therefore, new genetic
variations arise through mutation.
Genetic Drift Another way a population’s frequencies can change is genetic drift, which is simply the effect of
chance. Genetic drift is most important in small populations. Drift would be completely absent in a population
with infinite individuals, but, of course, no population is this large. Genetic drift occurs because the s in an
offspring generation are a random sample of the s in the parent generation. s may or may not make it into the
next generation due to chance events including mortality of an individual, events affecting finding a mate, and
even the events affecting which gametes end up in fertilizations. If one individual in a population of ten
individuals happens to die before it leaves any offspring to the next generation, all of its genes—a tenth of the
population’s gene pool—will be suddenly lost. In a population of 100, that 1 individual represents only 1
percent of the overall gene pool; therefore, it has much less impact on the population’s genetic structure and is
unlikely to remove all copies of even a relatively rare .