adaptive radiation ,
mass extinction and
evolutionary novelties are all important aspects
of macroevolution.
For new designs, existing structures serve as an inspiration. Wings on insects, flowers on plants, or
feathered wings on birds are examples of how a change in an organism's fundamental pattern produces
something distinctive. These
evolutionary novelties are typically variations of pre-existing structures, known
as
pre-adaptations ,that initially served one purpose before evolving to fulfill a different purpose later.
Feathers, a preadaptation for flight that originated from reptilian scales, may have served as thermal insulation
in the early days of bird evolution and in some dinosaurs.
Some ancestors have produced far more species than other evolutionary lineages.
Adaptive radiation is the rapid diversification of many related species from one or a few ancestral species. Biologists developed
the idea of adaptive zones to help explain this kind of adaptive radiation. Adaptive zones are fresh ecological
possibilities that a prehistoric organism did not exploit. An
adaptive zone is essentially identical to one or
more similar
ecological niches at the species level (the functional roles of species within a community).
4.4 Reading Resource #3 : Extinction is a Critical Component of Evolution A species' lineage becomes
extinct when the last member of the species passes away. Due to the fact
that extinct species never reappear, the loss is irreversible. Since the beginning of life, there have been
continuous extinctions; one estimate states that only one species is still present in the world today for every
2000 that have vanished. Extinction is the ultimate fate of all species, just like death.
Even though extinction in the short-term reduces the number of species, it fosters evolution over
thousands to millions of years. As was previously mentioned, the adaptive zones of extinct species become
vacant. As a result, the remaining species are given fresh chances for evolution and may diverge, occupying
some of the empty spaces. In other words, new species may eventually supplant extinct ones. In the long history
of life, extinction appears to have happened at two different rates. Background extinction is the term used to
describe the ongoing, slow extinction of species.
In contrast, five or possibly six times throughout Earth's history, there have been