Sexual Reproduction and Embryonic Development Almost all animal species are capable of sexual reproduction; for many, this is the only mode
of reproduction available. This distinguishes animals from fungi, protists, and bacteria, which all have
asexual reproduction. During sexual reproduction, a species' male and female gametes combine in a
process known as fertilization. The small, motile male sperm usually travels to the much larger,
sessile female egg. Sperm comes in a variety of forms, including cells with flagella or amoeboid cells
to aid motility. A zygote is formed by the fertilization and fusion of the gamete nuclei. Fertilization
can be internal, as in many land animals, or external, as in many aquatic species. Following
fertilization, a developmental sequence occurs in which cells divide and differentiate. Many
developmental events are shared by groups of related animal species, and these events are one of the
primary ways scientists classify high-level animal groups. Animal cells specialize and form tissues
during development, determining their future morphology and physiology. Many animals, such as
mammals, have young that look like adults. Other animals, such as insects and amphibians, go
through a complete metamorphosis in which they go through one or more larval stages. Young and
adult animals in these species have different diets and, in some cases, habitats. In other species, an
incomplete metamorphosis process occurs in which the young resemble the adults and progress
through a series of stages separated by molts (shedding of the skin) until they reach the final adult
form.
Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction, unlike sexual reproduction, produces offspring genetically identical to
each other and to the parent. A number of animal species—especially those without backbones, but
even some fish, amphibians, and reptiles—are capable of asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction,
except for occasional identical twinning, is absent in birds and mammals. The most common forms
of asexual reproduction for stationary aquatic animals include budding and fragmentation, in which
part of a parent individual can separate and grow into a new individual. In contrast, a form of asexual
reproduction found in certain invertebrates and rare vertebrates is called parthenogenesis (or “virgin
beginning”), in which unfertilized eggs develop into new offspring. Source: (Concepts of Biology,
Chapter 15, p357)