Hormones
are chemical signaling molecules, usually proteins or steroids, secreted by an endocrine
gland or group of endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including
growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. For example, insulin is a protein hormone that maintains
blood glucose levels.
Different proteins have different molecular weights and shapes; some are fibrous in nature, while others
are globular in shape. Hemoglobin, for instance, is a globular protein, whereas collagen, which is present in
our skin, is a fibrous protein. Protein function depends on its shape. The shape of the protein may change
permanently as a result of changes in temperature, pH, and chemical exposure, which could result in
denaturation
or a loss of function (to be discussed in more detail later). The same 20 types of amino acids are
arranged differently in every protein.
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Fowler, S., Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2017)
Concepts in Biology,
Chapter 2, -Pp. 39-45.
OpenStax,
https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology
30
The monomers that make up proteins are amino acids. The basic building block of every amino acid is
a central carbon atom connected to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a hydrogen atom.
The R group, a second variable atom or group of atoms bonded to the central carbon atom in every amino acid,
is also present. The R group is the only difference in structure between the 20 amino acids; otherwise, the amino
acids are identical (Figure 14).
Figure 14.
Amino acids are made up of a central carbon bonded to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group
(–COOH), and a hydrogen atom.
The chemical makeup of the amino acid in a protein is determined by the chemical makeup of the R
group (that is, whether it is acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar). The order and quantity of amino acids ultimately
determine the form, size, and function of a protein. A covalent bond between each amino acid and another
amino acid, known as a peptide bond and created by a dehydration reaction, holds them together. A water
molecule is produced when the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
combine. Peptide bond is the resulting bond.
Polypeptides are the products created by such a linkage. Despite the fact that the terms "polypeptide"
and "protein" are frequently used synonymously, a polypeptide is technically a polymer of amino acids,
whereas the term "protein" refers to a polypeptide or
polypeptides
that have combined, have a distinctive
shape, and have a specific function
9
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Fowler, S., Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2017)
Concepts in Biology,
Chapter 2, -Pp. 45-48 OpenStax,
https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology
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