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English for Biology A Teacher Resource Manual

Steroids and Waxes 
Unlike the phospholipids and fats discussed earlier, 
steroids
have a ring structure. They are categorized 
with other lipids despite not resembling them because they are hydrophobic. All steroid molecules have four 
linked, interconnected carbon rings, and some of them, like cholesterol, have a short tail. 
Cholesterol
is a steroid. Many steroid hormones, including testosterone and estradiol, are precursors 
to cholesterol, which is primarily synthesized in the liver. Additionally, it is a precursor to the vitamins E and 
K. Bile salts, which aid in the breakdown of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells, are precursors to 
cholesterol. Despite the fact that cholesterol is frequently demonized, it is necessary for the body to function 
properly. It is a crucial element of animal cells' plasma membranes. 
Waxes 
are made up of a hydrocarbon chain with an alcohol (–OH) group and a fatty acid. Examples 
of animal waxes include beeswax and lanolin. Plants also have waxes, such as the coating on their leaves, that 
helps prevent them from drying out
8

1.4 Reading Resource #2: Proteins 
One of the most prevalent organic molecules in living systems, proteins perform the widest variety of 
roles among all macromolecules. Proteins can be toxins or enzymes, or they can be structural, regulatory
contractile, or protective elements that function in transport, storage, or membranes. There could be thousands 
of different proteins in each cell of a living system, each serving a specific purpose. Their structures differ 
greatly from their functions. However, they are all linearly arranged polymers of amino acids. 
Because there are 20 different, chemically distinct amino acids that can be arranged in any order to 
form long chains, proteins have a wide range of functions. Proteins, for instance, can act as hormones or 
enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions (such as digestion) and are 
produced by living cells. The substrate (a reactant that binds to an enzyme) on which each enzyme acts is 
unique. Enzymes have the ability to break, rearrange, or create new molecular bonds. Salivary amylase, which 
breaks down the starch component amylose, is an example of an enzyme.

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